Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Moreover, Joseph Dietzgen developed the hypotheses of dialectical materialism independent of Marx, Engels, and Hess.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

According to the famous Theses on Feuerbach ( 1845 ), philosophy had to stop " interpreting " the world in endless metaphysical debates, in order to start " changing " the world, as was being done by the rising workers ' movement observed by Engels in England ( Chartist movement ) and by Marx in France and Germany.

* 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

Marx and Engels wrote about other examples of guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War, by Tyroleans and Prussians against Napoleon, by Poland and the Caucasus against Imperial Russia, Pegu ( Burma ) against the British Empire.

Marx and Engels interchanged numerous letters on war and military science and Engels wrote about several military topics.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

But what is true is that insofar as Marx and Engels regarded historical processes as law-governed processes, the possible future directions of historical development were to a great extent limited and conditioned by what happened before.

In 1880, about three years before Marx died, Friedrich Engels indicated that he accepted the usage of the term " historical materialism ".

( critical account which focusses on incoherencies in the thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin )

* Franz Mehring, On Historical Materialism ( classic statement by a contemporary and friend of Marx & Engels )

( Classical Marxist account of the philosophy of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Lukacs and Trotsky )

" Accordingly, some observers, including Karl Marx and Frederick Engels predicted that there soon would be a Russo-Turkish War.

However, Marx and Engels predicted that any such Russo-Turkish War would necessarily become a European War.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Engels showed Marx his recently published book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which convinced Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.

Engels and Marx soon set about writing a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer, which would be published in 1845 as The Holy Family.

In 1845 Marx and Engels visited the leaders of the Chartists, a socialist movement in Britain, using the trip as an opportunity to study in various libraries in London and Manchester.

First published on 21 February 1848, it laid out the beliefs of the Communist League, a group who had come increasingly under the influence of Marx and Engels, who argued that the League must make their aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding them as they had formerly been doing.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

These never ceased to suggest that if, in the eyes of Marx and Lenin `` full communism '' was still a very distant ideal, the establishment of a Communist society had now, under Khrushchev, become an `` immediate and tangible reality ''.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto also criticized the guild system for its rigid gradation of social rank and the relation of oppressor / oppressed entailed by this system.

* Marx, Karl, Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848

These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as The Communist Manifesto.

Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a German Workers ' Club with various German socialists living there.

Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne ( Köln ) where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time, the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852 ; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as " an old member of the Communist League "; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society, and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.

In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process:

However others, pointing to Marx's encounter with late 19th-century Russian populism and Marx and Engels's preface to the second Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party ( 1882 ), have argued that Marx evinced a growing conviction in his late writings that revolution could in fact emerge first in Russia.

The influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848, asserted that all human history is the history of class struggle.

In the 19th century, The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, called for the international political unification of the European working classes in order to achieve a Communist revolution ; and proposed that, because the socio-economic organization of communism was of a higher form than that of capitalism, a workers ’ revolution would first occur in the economically advanced, industrialized countries.

In Chapter II: “ Proletarians and Communists ” of The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), Engels and Marx presented the idea of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution:

It was in the city that he also came across newly translated Marxist literature, further committing him to the revolutionary socialist cause: these included Thomas Kirkup's A History of Socialism, Karl Kautsky's Karl Marx's Ökonomische Lehren and most importantly, Marx and Engels ' political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.

* The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

A particularly influential event was the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1848.

In both elections the Communist candidate Ernst Thälmann did not withdraw and ran in the second round ; in 1925 this probably ensured the election of Paul von Hindenburg ( with only 48. 3 % of the vote ) rather that Wilhelm Marx the candidate of the centre parties.

Although the creation of a vanguard party was outlined by Marx and Engels in Chapter II: " Proletarians and Communists " of The Communist Manifesto, Lenin modified this position my changing the role of the vanguards to professional revolutionaries, who were to hold power post-revolution and direct the national economy and society in developing world socialism.

* Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick ; The Communist Manifesto, ( 1848 ).

February 21: Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.

* February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.

* Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto, first published on February 21, 1848.

The name originates from the 1848 tract Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

In 1848 he co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital.

* Friedrich Engels, philosopher, historian, coauthor of the Communist Manifesto ( with Karl Marx )