* History of the United Kingdom: Treaty of Versailles, Third Anglo-Afghan War, Irish War of Independence, British Colonial Empire, British Mandate of Palestine, British Mandate of Mesopotamia, Tanganyika, British Somaliland and Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (" the Mad Mullah "), Indian independence movement, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1926 United Kingdom general strike, British Union of Fascists, and Blueshirts

In 1920, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the United Kingdom took over the former Ottoman vilayets of Basra, Baghdad and Mosul which had together formed the historical region of Irak Arabi or Irak Babeli, and called it the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.

Their pottery is commonly found in Mesopotamia and in the lands west of the Euphrates ; it was highly valued in distant Egypt, by the time of the New Kingdom.

The Occupied Enemy Territory which later became Syria Mesopotamia, and Palestine were mentioned in Section VII, Articles 94-97 of the Treaty of Sèvres, the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz is mentioned separately in Section VIII, articles 98-100.

This included details of his travels to the Greek-Hellenized kingdoms of Fergana ( Dayuan ) and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom ( Daxia ), as well as reports of Anxi ( Persian Empire of Parthia ), Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ), Shendu ( India ), and the Wusun Central Asian nomads.

Following the defeat of the Kingdom of Israel in the 720s BCE and the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE, the Jewish people became dispersed throughout much of the Middle East, especially in Egypt and North Africa to the west, as well as in Yemen to the south, and in Mesopotamia to the east.

He rose to prominence when he carved out an empire encompassing much of Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor often referred to as the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia.

The Kingdom of Kurdistan refers to two short-lived unrecognized states formed in the 1920s in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, in the territory, officially under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.

To the North of Mesopotamia the Anatolian Hittites were establishing their Old Kingdom over the Hattians ; they brought an end to Babylon's empire with the sack of the city in 1531 BCE.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

It was at Anah that the emperor Julian met the first opposition on his disastrous expedition against Persia ( 363 ), when he got possession of the place and transported the people ; and there that Ziyad and Shureih with the advanced guard of Ali's army were refused passage across the Euphrates ( 36 / 657 ) to join Ali in Mesopotamia ( Tabari i. 3261 ).

Assyria or Athura ( Aramaic for Assyria ) was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the late 25th or early – 24th century BC to 608 BC centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia ( present day northern Iraq ), that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

He alienated the powerful priests of Marduk, the official god of Babylon, by taking up the worship of Sin, the god of Harran ( a city in northern Mesopotamia ), absenting himself for long periods from the city and neglecting crucial ceremonies.

* The land between Egypt and Canaan of the first Exodus was a " great and terrible wilderness, an arid wasteland " ( Deut 8: 15 ), but in this new Exodus, the land between Babylon ( Mesopotamia ) and the Promised Land will be transformed into a paradise, where the mountains will be lowered and the valleys raised to create level road ( Isa 40: 4 ).

Originating in the Levant region of the Middle East ( modern Israel and Palestine ), it quickly spread to Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Egypt.

The Chaldeans now ruled all of Mesopotamia, and the former Assyrian possessions of Aram ( Syria ), Phoenicia, Israel, Cyprus, Edom, Philistia, and parts of Arabia, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in Iran, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.

By 572 Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Mesopotamia, Aramea ( Syria ), Phonecia, Israel, Judah, Philistinia, Samarra, Jordan, northern Arabia and parts of Asia Minor.

These conflicts were mainly limited to Sassanid sieges of the major fortresses of Roman Mesopotamia, including Nisibis ( Nusaybin ), Singara, and Amida ( Diyarbakir ).

* Bottero, Jean ( 2004 ), Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia ( University of Chicago Press ) ISBN 0-226-06718-1.

The earliest known written magical incantations come from ancient Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ), where they have been found inscribed on various cuneiform clay-tablets excavated by archaeologists from the city of Uruk, and dated to between the 5th and 4th centuries BC.

The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia ( beginning with Sumer ), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent ( beginning with the Indus Valley civilization ), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BCE ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century CE.

Following the collapse of the Ur-III dynasty at the hands of the Elamites ( 2002 BC traditional, 1940 BC short ), the Amorites gained control over most of Mesopotamia, where they formed a series of small kingdoms.

centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia ( present day northern Iraq ), that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history.

The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into four main regions: the desert ( west of the Euphrates ), Upper Mesopotamia ( between the upper Tigris and Euphratesh rivers ), the northern highlands of Iraqi Kurdistan, and Lower Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain extending from around Tikrit to the Persian Gulf.

His first work in Rome was an account of the Jewish War, addressed to certain " upper barbarians " – usually thought to be the Jewish community in Mesopotamia — in his " paternal tongue " ( War I. 3 ), arguably the Western Aramaic language.

Saladin's brother Al-Adil Sayf ad-Din ( often called " Saphadin " by the crusaders ) acquired al-Jazira ( northern Mesopotamia ), and al-Adil's son al-Mu ' azzam took possession of Karak and Transjordan.

The Sumerian king Ur-Nammu ( 2112 – 2095 BC ) cleared the Gutians from Mesopotamia during his reign.

Evidence from Tell Leilan in Northern Mesopotamia shows what may have happened.

This was to lead to both the Assyrians from Mesopotamia and Arameans from the Levant being dubbed Syrians in Greco-Roman culture.

The last Akkadian inscriptions in Mesopotamia date from the 1st century AD.

( The covenant ceremony has elements of a divine land-grant ceremony, similar to ceremonies known from Mesopotamia ).

These include Mesopotamia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, parts of Central Asia, Syria, Palestine and Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean from the prehistoric period until the beginning of Islam in the 7th century.

They include approximately 130, 000 cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia.

Evidence from the archaeological and historical record of Ancient Rome and medieval Mesopotamia indicates that coins were collected and catalogued by scholars and state treasuries.

An elephant clock in a manuscript by Al-Jazari ( 1206 AD ) from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. In the 13th century, Al-Jazari, a Kurdish Muslim engineer from Mesopotamia ( lived 1136-1206 ) who worked for Artuqid king of Diyar-Bakr, Nasir al-Din, made numerous clocks of all shapes and sizes.

Chaldea or Chaldaea (), from Greek, Chaldaia ; Akkadian ; Hebrew כשדים, Kaśdim ; Aramaic: ܟܐܠܕܘ, Kaldo ) was a marshy land located in south eastern Mesopotamia which came to rule Babylon briefly.

The Chaldeans, like the rest of Mesopotamia and much of the ancient Near East and Asia Minor, from the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, came to be dominated by the vast Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia.

In the Hebrew Bible, the prophet Abraham is stated to have originally been from " Ur of the Chaldees " ( Ur Kasdim ); if this city is to be identified with the Sumerian Ur, it would be within the original Chaldean homeland south of the Euphrates, although Chaldeans were not extant in Mesopotamia at the time of Abraham.

While Constantius was away from the eastern frontier in early 337, Shapur assembled a large army, including war elephants, and launched an attack on Roman territory, laying waste to Mesopotamia and putting Nisibis under siege.

Some say that the Greeks took the constellation of Centaurus, and also its name " piercing bull ", from Mesopotamia, where it symbolized the god Baal who represents rain and fertility, fighting with and piercing with his horns the demon Mot who represents the summer drought.

Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia, leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia.

Greek medicine was part of Greek culture, and Syrian Eastern Christians came in contact with it while the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) ruled Syria and Western Mesopotamia, regions that were conquered from Byzantium in the 7th century by Arab Muslims.

God instructs Abram ( the future Abraham ) to travel from his home in Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) to the land of Canaan.