Monsanto's role in these changes in agriculture ( which include its litigation and its seed commercialization practices ), its current and former agbiotech products ( genetically engineered seed and bovine growth hormone ), and its history as a chemical company, have made Monsanto controversial.

In 1979 Monsanto established the Edgar Monsanto Queeny safety award in honor of its former CEO ( 1928 &# 8209 ; 1960 ), an annual $ 2, 000 prize given to a member of the American Society of Safety Engineers to encourage accident prevention.

Current members of the board of directors of Monsanto are: David L. Chicoine, president of South Dakota State University ; Hugh Grant, the president and CEO of Monsanto ; Arthur H. Harper, managing partner of GenNx360 Capital Partners ; Gwendolyn King, president of Podium Prose, a speakers bureau ; Laura K. Ipsen, senior VP and general manager of Connected Energy Networks at Cisco Systems, Inc., C. Steven McMillan, former chairman and CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation ; William U. Parfet, chief executive officer of MPI Research Inc .; Janice L. Fields, president of McDonald's USA ; George H. Poste, chief executive of Health Technology Networks ; and Jon R. Moeller, chief financial officer of The Procter & Gamble Company.

Monsanto was fined $ 19, 000 in a French court on 26 January 2007 and a former chairman of Monsanto Agriculture France was found guilty of false advertising on the basis that glyphosate, Roundup's main ingredient, is classed as " dangerous for the environment " and " toxic for aquatic organisms " by the European Union.

In 1991, Philip Smith, a former assistant toxicologist at IBT, testified in a trial in which Monsanto was being sued by workers at Westinghouse over PCBs, that final toxicology reports on PCBs provided to Monsanto by IBT contained falsified data.

* Nina Gordon-singer and songwriter, founding member of the alternative rock band Veruca Salt, daughter of former Chairman of the Board of Monsanto Company, Robert Shapiro

* Jim Shapiro-Drummer for Veruca Salt, brother of Nina Gordon, son of former Chairman of the Board of Monsanto Company Robert Shapiro

Haloaromatics include the former Aroclors ( Monsanto Company trademark for polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs ), once widely used in power transformers and capacitors and in building caulk, the former Halowaxes ( Union Carbide trademark for polychlorinated naphthalenes, PCNs ), once used for electrical insulation, and the chlorobenzenes and their derivatives, used for disinfectants, pesticides such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT, 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) ethane ), herbicides such as 2, 4-D ( 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ), askarel dielectrics ( mixed with PCBs, no longer used in most countries ), and chemical feedstocks.

Moses Shapiro, father of former Monsanto head Robert B. Shapiro, was Chairman from 1969 to 1975.

Monsanto had been dogged by bad press related to various aspects of its former chemical and current biotechnological businesses, called " Monsatan " and its GE products dubbed " Frankenfood ".

A 50: 50 mixture of 2, 4, 5-T and 2, 4-D, it was manufactured for the U. S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical.

The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide ( GaAsP ) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators.

Cotton has been genetically modified for resistance to glyphosate ( marketed as Roundup in North America ) a broad-spectrum herbicide sold by Monsanto which also sells some of the Bt cotton seeds to farmers.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs used by U. S. industry were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

A 50: 50 mixture of 2, 4, 5-T and 2, 4-D, it was manufactured for the U. S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical.

* In 1949, in a Monsanto herbicide production plant for 2, 4, 5-T in Nitro, West Virginia, 240 people were affected when a relief valve opened.

The agricultural division was spun off from Pharmacia, as Monsanto, in preparation for the close of the acquisition by Pfizer.

According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ), approximately 99 percent of the PCBs in the United States were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Company.

In one high-profile case ( Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser ) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after he replanted canola seed that he had harvested from his field, which he discovered was contaminated with Monsanto's patented glyphosate-tolerant canola by spraying it with Roundup, leaving only the resistant plants.

On March 19, 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of $ 660 Canadian.

Notable achievements by Monsanto as a chemical company included the awarding of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to William S. Knowles for his research ( with Ryōji Noyori ) on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation performed at Monsanto from the 1960s to 1986 and being the first company to mass-produce light emitting diodes ( LEDs ).

Also in the 1940s, Monsanto operated the Dayton Project, and later Mound Laboratories in Miamisburg, Ohio, for the Manhattan Project, the development of the first nuclear weapons and, after 1947, the Atomic Energy Commission.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Monsanto was also one of the most important producers of Agent Orange for United States Military operations in Vietnam.

In the mid-60's chemists at Monsanto developed the Monsanto process for making acetic acid which until 2000 was the method most widely used to make this important industrial chemical.

Although they share the same name and corporate headquarters, many of the same executives and other employees, and responsibility for liabilities arising out of activities in the industrial chemical business, the agricultural chemicals business is the only segment carried forward from the pre-1997 Monsanto Company to the current Monsanto Company.

* 1985: Monsanto purchased G. D. Searle & Company for $ 2. 7 billion in cash.

* 2007: In June, Monsanto completed its purchase of Delta and Pine Land Company, a major cotton seed breeder, for $ 1. 5 billion.

As a condition for approval of the purchase from the Department of Justice, Monsanto was obligated to divest its Stoneville cotton business, which it sold to Bayer, and to divest its NexGen cotton business, which it sold to Americot.

* 2008: Monsanto purchased the Dutch seed company De Ruiter Seeds for € 546 million, and sells its POSILAC bovine somatotropin brand and related business to Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly in August for $ 300 million plus " additional contingent consideration ".

Pope Martin V protested in vain against the inscription on the sarcophagus: " John the former pope ".

It seems that Pope Gregory, ignorant of recent developments in the former Roman province, including the spread of the Pelagian heresy, had intended the new archiepiscopal sees for England to be established in London and York.

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope had used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories ; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne.

* Juan María Fernández y Krohn, a former Roman Catholic priest who tried to stab Pope John Paul II

Since the papacy of Heraclas in the 3rd century, the Bishop of the Alexandria in both the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria continue to be called " Pope ", the former being called " Coptic Pope " or, more properly, " Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle " and the last called " Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa ".

Alexander VII's Apostolic Constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum laid out the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in terms almost identical to those utilized by Pope Pius IX when he issued his infallible definition Ineffabilis Deus and the former work is cited in footnote 11 of the latter.

In 1046, he accompanied King Henry III on his campaign to Italy and in December, participated in the Council of Sutri, which deposed former Popes Benedict IX and Sylvester III and persuaded Pope Gregory VI to resign.

His successor Pope Boniface VIII sent for him, and finally, despite the former pope's desperate attempts to escape, captured him and imprisoned him in the castle of Fumone near Ferentino in Campagna where, after languishing for 10 months in infected air, he died on 19 May 1296.

" In exchange for being made Pope, Liberatus claims he promised Empress Theodora to restore the former patriarch of Constantinople Anthimus to his position.

Soon after he was elected Pope, Sylvester II confirmed the position of his former rival Arnulf as archbishop of Rheims.

The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei is a commission of the Roman Catholic Church established by Pope John Paul II's motu proprio Ecclesia Dei of 2 July 1988 for the care of those former followers of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre who broke with him as a result of his consecration of four priests of his Society of St. Pius X as bishops on 30 June 1988, an act the Holy See deemed illicit and schismatic.

Personalities visited the capital such as former U. S. Secretary of State James Baker and Pope John Paul II.

* January 20 – Pope Sylvester III becomes the 146th pope, succeeding former pope Benedict IX, who abdicated the previous year.

The latter was directly challenged by Philippe IV when he pushed for a trial against his former adversary, Pope Boniface VIII, for alleged heresy.

In September 996, a few months after receiving a pardon from Otto III, Crescentius II meet with the Archbishop of Piacenza John Philagathos, a former adviser to the late Empress Theophanu, to devise a plan to depose the newly installed Pope Gregory V. In 997, with the active support of Byzantine Emperor Basil II, Crescentius II led a revolt against Gregory V, deposed him, and installed John Philagathos as Pope John XVI, an antipope, in April 997.

Defeated in this struggle, which was concluded in 1462, Albert made an alliance with his former enemy, George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia, a step which caused Pope Paul II to place him under the ban.

Fortunately for Charles, the new Pope Clement IV was the former adviser to his brother Alphonse and strongly supported the accession of Charles.

When the majority of the Castilian nobles refused to accept a Portuguese sovereign, and welcomed the former king's illegitimate half-brother as Henry II of Castile, Ferdinand allied himself with the Moors and Aragonese ; but in 1371 Pope Gregory XI intervened, and it was decided that Ferdinand should renounce his claim and marry Eleanor, the daughter of his successful rival.

The Battle of Pavia ( 1525 ) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party ( allied with the Pope ) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial ( and Spanish ) side.

At Narbonne, Hermes, a former archdeacon, had been nominated by his predecessor and installed as bishop without the express sanction of Pope Leo.