Equally influential was Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu ( 1689 – 1755 ).

* February 10 – Montesquieu, French writer ( b. 1689 )

* Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu ( 1689 – 1755 ), French political philosopher of the Enlightenment era

* February 10-Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, French satirist ( born 1689 )

* Charles de Montesquieu ( 1689 – 1755 )

* January 18 – Montesquieu, French writer ( d. 1755 )

His chief works are the five-volume Eléments d ' idéologie ( 1817 – 1818 ), the first volume of which was presented as " Ideology Strictly Defined ," and which completed the arguments made in earlier completed monographs ; Commentaire sur l ' esprit des lois de Montesquieu ( 1806 ), and Essai sur le génie, et les ouvrages de Montesquieu ( 1808 ).

This " confusion of powers ", contrary to the philosophical theories – those of < span lang =" fr "> Montesquieu </ span > especially – which had inspired the Revolution at first, was one of the essential characteristics of the Convention.

# Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu – Persian Letters ; Spirit of Laws

# Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu – Persian Letters ; The Spirit of the Laws

Conscious that books can influence for good or ill, he admired authors he saw as defenders of sanity and good sense – men like Montaigne and Montesquieu – or as compassionate realists, like Homer in the Iliad, Euripides, Hardy, Ibsen and Chekhov.

A new edition in 1758, prepared by Montesquieu ’ s son, included eight new letters – bringing the total to 161 – and a short piece by the author entitled " Quelques réflexions sur les Letters persanes.

* Jean Pierre Schneider, " Les jeux du sens dans les Letters persanes: temps du roman et temps de l ’ histoire ," Revue Montesquieu 4 ( 2000 ), pp. 127 – 159.

* Josué Harari, " The Eunuch ’ s Tale: Montesquieu ’ s imaginary of despotism ," in Scenarios of the Imaginary, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987, pp. 67 – 101.

* Louis Desgraves, Chronologie critique de la vie et des œuvres de Montesquieu, Paris: Champion, 1998, pp. 36 – 94.

* Mary McAlpin, " Between Men for All Eternity: feminocentrism in Montesquieu ’ s Letters persanes ," Eighteenth-Century Life 24 ( 2000 ), pp. 45 – 61.

* Oxford lectures on history, 1904 – 1923, Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1904 – 23, which includes " Frontiers ", by Lord Curzon, the Romanes lecture for 1907, " Biological analogies in history ", by Theodore Roosevelt, the Romanes lecture for 1910, " The imperial peace " by Sir W. M. Ramsay, the Romanes lecture for 1913 and " Montesquieu " by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, the Romanes lecture for 1904.

A precursor of Montesquieu and of Rousseau was Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui ( 1694 – 1750 ) in his Principes du droit naturel et politique ( 1747 and 1751, issued together in 1763 ), while the celebrated international lawyer, Emeric de Vattel ( 1714 1767 ), was a native of Neuchâtel by birth and descent, and, though he spent most of his life at foreign courts, died at Neuchâtel, not so very long after the publication of his famous Droit des gens ( 1758 ).

Montesquieu claims, for example, that the English failed to establish a republic after the Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ) because the society lacked the requisite love of virtue.

** Montesquieu University – Bordeaux IV

Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 168910 February 1755 ), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment.

* January 18-Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, French satirist ( died 1755 )

Hayek conceded that the national labels did not exactly correspond to those belonging to each tradition: Hayek saw the Frenchmen Montesquieu, Constant and Tocqueville as belonging to the " British tradition " and the British Thomas Hobbes, Priestley, Richard Price and Thomas Paine as belonging to the " French tradition ".

Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.

Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People ( 1830, Louvre ), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies ( especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution ) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke.

French and Swiss Enlightenment thinkers, such as Montesquieu and later Rousseau, expanded upon and altered the ideas of what an ideal republic should be: some of their new ideas were scarcely traceable to antiquity or the Renaissance thinkers.

The term is ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu.

* Charles de Secondat ( Montesquieu ), French thinker

What Machiavelli was to the Italians and Montesquieu to the French, Zachariae aspired to become to the Germans ; but he lacked their patriotic inspiration, and so failed to exercise any permanent influence on the constitutional law of his country.

Francisco now had access to a library where he learned French, which in turn, allowed him to familiarize himself with the works of Montesquieu, the social contract of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the French Revolution, the history of Europe, as well as the biographies of the Greek and Roman leaders.

His intellectual reputation, moreover, was subsequently eclipsed by the likes of John Locke and David Hume, and still more by Montesquieu and the French radical thinkers.

Even though barely noticed in its own time, it was later regarded as one of the best works bearing on old French customary law, and was frequently referred to with high admiration by Montesquieu, who called him la lumière de son temps (" the light of his times ").

Unknown to most, Korais held passionate views on how the legal system should function in a democracy ( views which of course, were greatly influenced by the French Enlightenment, closer to Montesquieu than to Rousseau ) and managed to have a great, albeit indirect, impact on the Constitutions of the Greek Revolution, but also, primarily, on the Constitutions or Syntagma created after the end of the Greek Revolution.

This decision was however overturned by the Federal Court, which held that the doctrine of separation of powers is a political doctrine, coined by the French political thinker Baron de Montesquieu, under which the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government are kept entirely separate and distinct and that the Federal Constitution does have some features of this doctrine but not always ( for example, Malaysian Ministers are both executives and legislators, which is inconsistent with the doctrine of separation of powers ).

There is general agreement that Russian-French writer and political activist Matvei Golovinski fabricated the text for Okhrana, the secret police of the Russian Empire, as a work of counter-revolutionary propaganda prior to the 1905 Russian Revolution, by plagiarizing it, almost word for word in some passages, from The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, a 19th century satire against Napoleon III of France written by French political satirist and Legitimist militant Maurice Joly.

Montesquieu depended on him for local colour in writing his satiric Lettres Persanes ( Persian Letters, 1721 ), though he used the French translation, Relation de voyage de Moscovie, Tartarie et de Perse.

The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu.

After Girard became a citizen of Pennsylvania ( 1778 ), he built the “ Water Witch ,” the first of a trading fleet — most of Girard's ships being named after his favorite French authors, such as “ Rousseau ,” “ Voltaire ,” “ Helvétius ” and “ Montesquieu .” By 1785, Mary had started to succumb to sudden, erratic emotional outbursts.

The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the Age of Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Swiss philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu.

Montesquieu described division of political power among a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary.

In the political part of his system Ferguson follows Montesquieu, and pleads the cause of well-regulated liberty and free government.

Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include Mandeville's influential proposal that " Private Vices by the dextrous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Publick Benefits ” ( the last sentence of his Fable of the Bees ), and also the doctrine of a constitutional " separation of powers " in government, first clearly proposed by Montesquieu.

Although the philosophies of Rousseau and Montesquieu could not provide a concrete system for creating a moral government, the free exchange of ideas along with rising literacy rates fueled the changing social and political ideologies of Parisians.

In one of these, on the political economy of Adam Smith, he exhibits in a very interesting way the co-existence in The Wealth of Nations of historical-inductive investigation in the manner of Montesquieu with a priori speculation founded on theologico-metaphysical bases, and points out the error of ignoring the former element, which is the really characteristic feature of Smith's social philosophy, and places him in strong contrast with the school of Ricardo.

Montesquieu, commentator and political philosopher.

Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government.

Thus Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Kant and the political philosophies embodied by and influencing the American Revolution and American Enlightenment are part of The Enlightenment.

He is said to have once dunked the political philosopher Montesquieu in a tub of cold water as a joke.

Joly is best known as author of the political satire entitled The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu ( Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu ), which attacks the political ambitions of Napoleon III.