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:* Nanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs – Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material ; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered materials.
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:* Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland ( née Lady Anne Churchill ; 1683 – 1716 ), second daughter of the 1st Duke
:* William Godolphin, Marquess of Blandford ( 1700 – 1731 ), elder son of the 2nd Duchess, predeceased his mother without issue
:* Iterated function systems – use fixed geometric replacement rules ; may be stochastic or deterministic ; e. g., Koch snowflake, Cantor set, Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket, Peano curve, Harter-Heighway dragon curve, T-Square, Menger sponge
:* Strange attractors – use iterations of a map or solutions of a system of initial-value differential equations that exhibit chaos ( e. g., see multifractal image )
:* Escape-time fractals – use a formula or recurrence relation at each point in a space ( such as the complex plane ); usually quasi-self-similar ; also known as " orbit " fractals ; e. g., the Mandelbrot set, Julia set, Burning Ship fractal, Nova fractal and Lyapunov fractal.
:* Random fractals – use stochastic rules ; e. g., Lévy flight, percolation clusters, self avoiding walks, fractal landscapes, trajectories of Brownian motion and the Brownian tree ( i. e., dendritic fractals generated by modeling diffusion-limited aggregation or reaction-limited aggregation clusters ).
:* and study
:* Chlamydomonas reinhardtii-a unicellular green alga used to study photosynthesis, flagella and motility, regulation of metabolism, cell-cell recognition and adhesion, response to nutrient deprivation and many other topics.
:* Macrostomum lignano, a free-living, marine flatworm, a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function, and the evolution of sex.
:* Zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata )-used in the study of the song system of songbirds and the study of non-mammalian auditory systems
:* Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics
:* Crystallography – the study of regular arrangement of atoms and ions in a solid, the defects associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations, and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical properties.
:* Forensic engineering – the study of how products fail, and the vital role of the materials of construction
:* Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure, and the light it sheds on how engineers specify materials in their product
:* Metallography-Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, typically using microscopy.
:* Metallurgy – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and processing.
:* Microtechnology – study of materials and processes and their interaction, allowing microfabrication of structures of micrometric dimensions, such as Microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ).
:* Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.
:* The Royal Carillon School " Jef Denyn " where carillonneurs come from around the world to study the carillon and playing of the instrument.
:* The charge of " McCarthyism " has come up so often that we address this in a separate study which demonstrates why the charge is ignorant, intolerant, and ultimately self-serving.
:* Arnold J. Toynbee: Toynbee wrote a similar comparative study of the rise and decline of civilizations, A Study of History, somewhat concurrently with Spengler, which was released much later, around the conclusion of World War II.
:* Svadhyaya: study of the Vedic scriptures to know about God and the soul, which leads to introspection on a greater awakening to the soul and God within,
:* University and polytechnic students in Finland and Sweden often wear jumpsuits colored according to their school or field of study at student parties, see student overall.
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