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* Ontologies for different biological domains ( e. g., BRENDA tissue ontology, Gene Ontology )
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Ontologies and for
Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it.
In the early 1990s, the widely cited Web page and paper " Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing " by Tom Gruber is credited with a deliberate definition of ontology as a technical term in computer science.
Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it.
* Paper Products and Services Ontologies: A Methodology for Deriving OWL Ontologies from Industrial Categorization Standards, Int ' l Journal on Semantic Web & Information Systems ( IJSWIS ), Vol.
* Paper GenTax: A Generic Methodology for Deriving OWL and RDF-S Ontologies from Hierarchical Classifications, Thesauri, and Inconsistent Taxonomies, Proceedings of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference ( ESWC 2007 ), June 3 – 7, Innsbruck, Austria, in: E. Fraconi, M. Kifer, and W. May ( Eds.
Ontologies such as the Gene Ontology are being used to annotate the results of biological experiments in a variety of model organisms in order to create logically tractable bodies of data available for reasoning and search.
* Ontologies: express something meaningful within a specified universe or domain of discourse by utilizing a grammar for using vocabulary.
Ontologies and different
There are different types of Ontologies including Domain ontologies, Generic ontologies, application ontologies and representational ontologies.
Ontologies and biological
His contributions include his active participation in setting up FlyBase and the development of Open Biomedical Ontologies to allow machine-searchable annotation of biological information, particularly the Gene Ontology and ChEBI.
* Open Biomedical Ontologies, an activity aimed at creation of controlled vocabularies across biological and medical domains
Ontologies and e
Ontologies can of course be written down in a wide variety of languages and notations ( e. g., logic, LISP, etc.
Ontologies and .
According to Gruber ( 1993 ): " Ontologies are often equated with taxonomic hierarchies of classes, class definitions, and the subsumption relation, but ontologies need not be limited to these forms.
Ontologies are also not limited to conservative definitions — that is, definitions in the traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the world.
* Cooperative Ontologies ( CO-ODE ) web site includes OWL tutorial materials and software.
Ontologies help building model of a domain and define the terms inside the domain and the relationships between them.
* 1963, Stanislas Breton, " Ontology and Ontologies: The Contemporary Situation ," International Philosophical Quarterly, vol.
Feminism and Metaphysics: Unmasking Hidden Ontologies.
Ontologies frequently contain formal business rules formed in discrete logic statements that relate data elements to each another.
The first reference to this term was at the 1999 AAAI Ontologies Panel.
* Ontologies Come of Age by Deborah L. McGuinness
for and different
Though he is also concerned with freeing dance from pedestrian modes of activity, Merce Cunningham has selected a very different method for achieving his aim.
It is different with his volume The Swedes And Their Chieftains ( Svenskarna och deras Hovdingar ), a history intended for the general reader and particularly suited for high school students.
These ways are absolutely irreconcilable because they offer two different recipes for man's redemption from chaos.
I am not making a clinical judgment here, for such personal tragedies are real and are commonplace in the analyst's consulting room, but literature makes a different claim upon our sympathies than tragedy in life.
They even accept the `` double standard '' of sex morality in a double sense, i.e., both sexes agree that standards for men differ from standards for women, and women apply to both sexes a standard different from that held by men.
The answer is different for each autistic child, but for most there is an answer.
-- Her choice of one color means she is simply enjoying the motor act of coloring, without having reached the point of selecting suitable colors for different objects.
We sympathize with Mr. Kennedy, but we feel bound to say that his budget review doesn't please us either, although for very different reasons.
When they got home Harold was grateful for the stillness in the apartment, and thought how, under different circumstances, they might have stayed on here, in these old-fashioned, high-ceilinged rooms that reminded him of the Irelands' apartment in the East Eighties.
But that year was different, for just as the city, in the form of my street clothes, had intruded upon my mountain nights, so an essential part of the summer gave promise of continuing into the fall: Jessica and I, about to be separated not by a mere footbridge or messhall kitchen but by the immense obstacle of residing in cruelly distant boroughs, had agreed to correspond.
In the event the total of rupees accruing to the Government of the United States of America as a consequence of sales made pursuant to this Agreement is different from the rupee equivalent of $1,276 million, the amounts available for the purposes specified in paragraph 1, Article 2, will be adjusted proportionately.
Because of the difference between daytime and nighttime propagation conditions, it has been necessary to evolve different allocation structures for daytime and nighttime broadcasting in the AM band, with many more stations operating during the day than at night.
Accordingly, the Commission has recognized that an optimum allocation pattern for one frequency does not necessarily represent the best pattern for other frequencies, and has assigned different frequencies for use by different classes of stations.
Nature's aim, different from ours, is to provide for the coming generation.
The answers they give can often pave the way to performance increases and, quite often, are necessary for completing entry blanks for different events.
Such modifications are all for the best but it takes something as different as a Deerstalker or a Jet to change arms-making concepts.
for and biological
The useful suggestion of Professor David Hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments.
During the period from 1 July 1960 through 31 January 1961, additional research affiliations were effected with the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command to conduct research in procedures for quantitative electron microscopy, and for the study of biophysical and biological studies of the structure and function of ocular tissue.
If it is possible for an enemy to put an atomic bomb on a city, it should be equally possible to put a cloud of biological agent over that city.
However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.
RBE quantifies the ability of radiation to cause certain biological effects, notably either cancer or cell-death, for equivalent radiation exposure.
Antibacterial resistance may impose a biological cost, thereby reducing fitness of resistant strains, which can limit the spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria, for example, in the absence of antibacterial compounds.
Antigenic molecules, normally being " large " biological polymers, usually present several surface features that can act as points of interaction for specific antibodies.
Because they are always genetically identical, the group of four young provides a good subject for scientific, behavioral or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects.
The first biological clock genes, for example, were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles.
Different macromolecules can assemble in larger complexes, often needed for biological activity.
The term lipid comprises a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids ( e. g., retinoids and steroids ).
Further, chemical biology employs biological systems to create non-natural hybrids between biomolecules and synthetic devices ( for example emptied viral capsids that can deliver gene therapy or drug molecules ).
Bioinformatics is a branch of biological science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as nucleic acid ( DNA / RNA ) and protein sequence, structure, function, pathways and genetic interactions.
The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in .< ref name =" Hooke ">"< cite >...
As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with a biological warfare attack is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore might not immediately stop an opposing force.
While containment of biological warfare transmission is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist organizations, it remains a significant concern for the military and civilian populations of virtually all nations.
The last known incident of using plague corpses for biological warfare purposes occurred in 1710, when Russian forces attacked the Swedes by flinging plague-infected corpses over the city walls of Reval ( Tallinn ).
The center for U. S. military biological warfare research was Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Attacking animals is another area of biological warfare intended to eliminate animal resources for transportation and food.
The motivation for biological aggression is an inherent and common aspect of the human behavioural repertoire.
It provides that the Parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, acquire or retain biological agents or toxins, of types and in quantities that have no justification for peaceful purposes, as well as weapons, equipment and means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
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