For example, at the gene locus for the ABO blood type carbohydrate antigens in humans, classical genetics recognizes three alleles, I < sup > A </ sup >, I < sup > B </ sup >, and I < sup > O </ sup >, that determine compatibility of blood transfusions.

It was commonly thought that most individuals were homozygous for the " wild type " allele at most gene loci, and that any alternative ' mutant ' allele was found in homozygous form in a small minority of " affected " individuals, often as genetic diseases, and more frequently in heterozygous form in " carriers " for the mutant allele.

This particular type of growth is seen early in the fetus of a pregnant dam, which results in a calf that is born with two times the number of muscle fibers at birth than a calf with no myostatin gene mutation.

Since gene therapy is relatively new and at an experimental stage, it is an expensive treatment to undertake.

Research on Bacillus subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene / protein regulation, and cell cycle events in bacteria.

* In genetics, it can stand for a gene deletion, e. g. the CCR5-Δ32 a deletion of the CCR5 at the 32nd base pair segment

In addition, these insect symbionts have similar patterns of genome evolution to those found in true organelles: genome reduction, rapid rates of gene evolution, and bias in nucleotide base composition favoring adenine and thymine, at the expense of guanine and cytosine.

For example, the population which is at risk of the severe debilitating disease kuru has significant over-representation of an immune variant of the prion protein gene G127V versus non-immune alleles.

Today, most gene therapy studies are aimed at cancer and hereditary diseases linked to a genetic defect.

The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of a functional gene at an unspecified location in the host genome. This is accomplished by isolating and copying the gene of interest, generating a construct containing all the genetic elements for correct expression, and then inserting this construct into a random location in the host organism.

Previously, low levels of transfection and expression of the gene held non-viral methods at a disadvantage ; however, recent advances in vector technology have yielded molecules and techniques that approach the transfection efficiencies of viruses.

The first approved gene therapy case in the United States took place on September 14, 1990, at the National Institute of Health.

in 1992 Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases.

In September 2009, the journal Nature reported that researchers at the University of Washington and University of Florida were able to give trichromatic vision to squirrel monkeys using gene therapy, a hopeful precursor to a treatment for color blindness in humans.

In November 2009, the journal Science reported that researchers succeeded at halting a fatal brain disease, adrenoleukodystrophy, using a vector derived from HIV to deliver the gene for the missing enzyme.

* In the TV series Dark Angel gene therapy is mentioned as one of the practices performed on transgenics and their surrogate mothers at Manticore, and in the episode Prodigy, Dr. Tanaka uses a groundbreaking new form of gene therapy to turn Jude, a premature, vegetative baby of a crack / cocaine addict, into a boy genius.

* Research Group at Cambridge, UK working on overcoming current hurdles to successful gene therapy

DNA methylation marking chromatin, self-sustaining metabolic loops, gene silencing by RNA interference, and the three dimensional conformation of proteins ( such as prions ) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.

A read-through gene, INS-IGF2, overlaps with this gene at the 5 ' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3 ' region.

It is usually helpful to make a sketch map in the field, showing the size and location of the features of interest and to take photographs at the site.

After `` a prolonged study of the Oder line on a map '', at Teheran, Churchill `` liked the picture ''.

Public-spirited backers staked him to a brand-new airplane, aimed at putting their city and state on the flying map.

To find out, we traveled throughout that part of Laos still nominally controlled, in the daytime at least, by the Royal Lao Army: from Attopeu, the City of Buffalo Dung in the southeast, to Muong Sing, the City of Lions in the northwest, close to Communist China ( map, page 250 ).

To be reminded of this we need only glance at the world map and note the extent to which religious divisions have compounded political ones, with a resultant fragmentation of the human race.

# If adiabats and isotherms are graphed severally at regular changes of entropy and temperature, respectively ( like altitude on a contour map ), then as the eye moves towards the axes ( towards the south-west ), it sees the density of isotherms stay constant, but it sees the density of adiabats grow.

Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.

The Samaritans of Samaria ( see map at Iudaea Province ), had their temple on Mount Gerizim, and along with some other differences, see Samaritanism, were in conflict with Jews of Judea and Galilee and other regions who had their Temple in Jerusalem and practiced Judaism.

The map is oriented with south at the top.

A map of Cyprus in the later Bronze Age ( such as is given by J. L. Myres and M. O. Richter in Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum ) shows more than 25 settlements in and about the Mesaorea district alone, of which one, that at Enkomi, near the site of Salamis, has yielded the richest Aegean treasure in precious metal found outside Mycenae.

A complete map was published in 2009 ( Flood, et al., 2009 ) using these previous results with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 ( by researchers at Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada who are project partners in this study.

: A scarlet caterpillar, upon which all eyes were at once fixed, began to crawl steadfastly day by day across the map of Europe, dragging the whole war with it.

Villeroi still believed ( on 22 May ) the Allies were a full day ’ s march away when in fact they had camped near Corswaren waiting for the Danish squadrons to catch up ; for his part, Marlborough deemed Villeroi still at Jodoigne when in reality he was now approaching the plateau of Mont St. André with the intention of pitching camp near Ramillies ( see map at right ).

A map showing the Greek world at the time of the battle

On the map of Ptolemy, the " Kimbroi " are placed on the northernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland., i. e. in the modern landscape of Himmerland south of Limfjorden ( since Vendsyssel-Thy north of the fjord was at that time a group of islands ).

The differential of f at a point x is the map

In either case, df < sub > x </ sub > is a linear map on T < sub > x </ sub > M and hence it is a tangent covector at x.

We can then define the differential map d: C < sup >∞</ sup >( M ) → T < sub > x </ sub >< sup >*</ sup > M at a point x as the map which sends f to df < sub > x </ sub >.

The central commercial area often is portrayed, as in the map at right, to include parts of Near North Side and Near South Side, as well as the Loop.

These performance levels do not map to the clock speed of the chip itself ( for example, a PR 133 + ran at 110 MHz, a PR 166 + ran at 133 MHz, etc.

Notice the north arrow at the bottom of the map.

World map of colonialism at the end of the Second World War in 1945