Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

Philosophers who have criticized the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx.

Philosophers and theologians such as Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, and historians Heinrich Graetz and Gottfried Bernhardy.

* Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982 ; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001 ; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997

German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche.

* Føllesdal, Dagfinn, 1972, " An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers " in Olson, R. E., and Paul, A. M., eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia.

Philosophers of science, such as Paul Feyerabend, argued that a distinction between science and nonscience is neither possible nor desirable.

The Library of Living Philosophers is a series of books conceived of and started by Paul Arthur Schilpp in 1939 ; Schilpp remained editor until 1981.

Written in 1953, Worldly Philosophers has sold nearly four million copies -— the second-best-selling economics text of all time ( the first being Paul Samuelson's Economics, a highly popular university textbook ).

The Philosophy of Brand Blanshard ( Open Court, 1980 ), edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, is volume XV in the Library of Living Philosophers series.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science.

A number of young Maoists abandoned their beliefs to become the so-called New Philosophers, often citing Foucault as their major influence, a status Foucault had mixed feelings about.

Philosophers tend to motivate various conceptual analyses by appeal to their intuitions about thought experiments.

( Philosophers might also supplement their thought experiments with theoretical reasoning designed to support the desired intuitive response.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

( 1 ) Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851 ; ( 2 ) Music ; ( 3 ) Sculpture ; ( 4 ) Painting ; ( 5 ) Princes, Art Patrons and Artists ; ( 6 ) Workers in Stone ; ( 7 ) Workers in Wood and Brick ; ( 8 ) Architecture ; ( 9 ) The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences ; ( 10 ) Agriculture ; ( 11 ) Horticulture and Land Surveying ; ( 12 ) Astronomy and Navigation ; ( 13 ) A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students ; ( 14 ) Engineering ; ( 15 ) The Mechanical Powers ; and ( 16 ) Pottery and Glassmaking.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.

Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.

Philosophers who worry about ceteris paribus analyses do not worry about this sort ; their worries are focused on ceteris paribus clauses that are not even eliminable in principle.

On 16 December, the appearance of an illuminating sun disc on the wording of the Cenotaph stone, transform their meaning as per the Philosophers Stone of the alchemists.

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle also act as doxographers, as their comments on the ideas of their predecessors indirectly tell us what their predecessors ' beliefs were.

In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.

The " love of God " and " fear of God " receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah.

Steffens was one of the so-called " Philosophers of Nature ", a friend and adherent of Schelling and of Schleiermacher.

Diogenes Laertius, who lived in the 3rd century, wrote Lives, Teachings, and Sayings of Famous Philosophers, a useful, though often unreliable, sourcebook.

Rand is not found in the comprehensive academic reference texts The Oxford Companion to Philosophy or The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, but is the subject of entries in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and The Routledge Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Political Thinkers.

' Sayings of the Philosophers ' are remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement ... a work entitled ' Sayings of the Philosophers ' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century ; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq ( 809-973 ) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq ( who also wrote a book about Alexander ) around 1053.

It contains 6 books, Book 1 -- The Coming of Pan, Book 2 -- The Philosophers Journey, Book 3 -- The Two Gods, Book 4 -- The Philosophers Return, Book 5 -- The Policemen, Book 6 -- The Thin Woman's Journey, that rotate around a philosopher and his quest to find Cáitlin Ni Murrachu and deliver her from the god Pan and himself going through a catharsis.

* Press Releases of the Dead Throughout October 2009 media types around the country will receive cardboard tombstones cutouts to celebrate the release of The Book of Dead Philosophers.

He was the author of The Greek Philosophers ( 2 vols, 1882 ); The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century ( 2 vols, 1906 ); and The History of Ancient and Modern Philosophy ( 2 vols, 1912 ).

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

* Kirk G. S .; Raven, J. E. and Schofield, M. ( 1983 ) The Presocratic Philosophers: a critical history with a selection of texts ( 2nd ed.

Philosophers argue this evades the issue.

Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.

Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

* < span id =" DK " class =" citation "> Freeman, Kathleen & Diels, Hermann ; Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: a complete translation of the fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

Philosophers call such propositions " analytic.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

From at least the days of the Greek Philosophers, the relationship between faith and reason has been hotly debated.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume V: Modern Philosophy: The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume.

Several schools of thought existed within the medical field during Galen's lifetime, the main two being the Empiricists and Rationalists ( also called Dogmatists or Philosophers ), with the Methodists being a smaller group.

* van der Eijk P. Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-521-81800-1, ISBN 978-0-521-81800-1