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Photomultiplier and tube
Photomultiplier tube 8.
* PM tube, Photomultiplier tube.

Photomultiplier and extremely
Photomultiplier tubes ( photomultipliers or PMTs for short ), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Photomultiplier and sensitive
Photomultiplier technology was pursued to enable television camera tubes, such as the iconoscope and ( later ) the orthicon, to be sensitive enough to be practical.

Photomultiplier and light
Photomultiplier tubes are vacuum phototubes that amplify light by accelerating the photoelectrons to knock more electrons free from a series of electrodes.

tube and extremely
It will be shown theoretically that the high image intensification obtainable with such a tube and contact photography permits the utilization of extremely low incident light levels.
The air enters via an extremely long, thin labyrinth tube, up to 10 cm long, wrapping back and forth across the ink tank.
The use of air tools to fasten lug nuts is extremely bad practice, unless a torque tube is also used.
* In The Atrocity Archives by Charles Stross, the secret main entrance to the extremely secret Government establishment ( the " Laundry ") which the protagonist Bob Howard works for is situated in the gentlemen's toilets of Mornington Crescent tube station.
This is usually achieved with an apparatus called a column, which consists of a hollow tube tightly packed with extremely small porous polymer beads designed to have pores of different sizes.
Some strobes even offer continuous mode, where the arc is sustained, providing and extremely high intensity light, but usually only for small amounts of time to prevent overheating of the flash tube and thus breakage.
If that limit were exceeded, such as by pointing the camera at the sun, sun-reflecting shiny surfaces, or extremely bright point light sources, the tube detecting surface would instantly " burn out " and be rendered insensitive on part or all of the screen.
Because of the extremely high chemical activity of the high pressure sodium arc, the arc tube is typically made of translucent aluminum oxide.
The Telefunken team developed an accurate system based on a klystron microwave tube operating in the range of 54 to 53 cm ( 553 to 566 MHz ) – an extremely short wavelength for the time – with a pulse length of 2 microseconds, a peak power of 7 to 11 kW, and a PRF of 3, 750 Hz.
However, in situations when extremely fast sighting is required, the shooter can simply look through the tube, and it is simple to see if the view is straight down the tube.
At times, particularly at very close range, artillery crews would fire extremely lethal " double canister ," where two rounds were loaded into the gun tube and fired simultaneously using a single charge.
The equation is derived for capillary flow in a cylindrical tube in the absence of a gravitational field, but according to physicist Len Fisher can be extremely accurate for more complex materials including biscuits ( see dunk ( biscuit )).
Since all of the optical elements can be permanently fixed in alignment and the tube assembly can be environmentally sealed, the design is extremely rugged.
Prey entering the tube find that their footing is made extremely uncertain by the smooth, waxy secretions found on the surfaces of the upper portion of the tube.
Because of the circular shape of snow tubes, controlling the course and speed of a tube while riding on snow is extremely difficult.
It starts from Knightsbridge tube station and runs south-west through an extremely wealthy residential area until it reaches Egerton Gardens and the area to the east of South Kensington tube station.

tube and sensitive
The Williams tube would nevertheless prove to be frustratingly sensitive to environmental disturbances.
The tube was relatively immune to vibration, and thus vastly superior on shipboard duty, particularly for navy ships with the shock of weapon fire commonly knocking the sensitive but delicate galena off its sensitive point ( the tube was in general no more sensitive a radio detector, but was adjustment free ).
UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device ( CCD ) or photomultiplier tube ( PMT ).
Behind this grid system, an image dissector tube ( photomultiplier type detector ) with a sensitive field of view of about 38 arc-sec diameter converted the modulated light into a sequence of photon counts ( with a sampling frequency of 1200 Hz ) from which the phase of the entire pulse train from a star could be derived.
Stars were observed as the satellite rotated, by a sensitive region of the image dissector tube detector.
A sensitive photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) measures the light from the crystal, and the output signal is fed to an electronic amplifier and other electronic equipment to count and possibly quantify the amplitude of the signals produced by the photomultiplier.
The tube feet, spines, and pedicellariae found on starfish are sensitive to touch, while eyespots on the ends of the rays are light-sensitive.
The tube feet, especially those at the tips of the rays, are also sensitive to chemicals and this sensitivity is used in locating odour sources such as food.
In older analog camcorders, the imaging device was based on vacuum tube technology where the charge on a light sensitive target was in direct proportion to the amount of light striking it.
The advantage of this is that it reduces the total telescope weight, and the telescope's balance becomes less sensitive to changes in the weight loading of telescope tube from the use of heavier eyepieces or the addition of cameras etc.
In 1926, the Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi explained in detail that the principle of " storing " electrical charges in proportion to the amount of light received throughout each scanning cycle results in a much more sensitive video camera tube.
Upon RCA's development of the more sensitive image orthicon tube in 1943, RCA entered into a production contract with the U. S. Navy, the first tubes being delivered in January 1944.
A one inch camera tube has a sensitive area of approximately two thirds of an inch diameter or about 16 mm.
Typically, the higher the value, the more sensitive the tube is to light.
The 1955 Flash-Matic remote system, invented by Eugene Polley, used a highly directional photo flash tube in the hand held unit that was aimed at sensitive photoreceivers in the four front corners of the television cabinet.
One example of such a device is the US M24 that consists of a rocket launcher tube firing a HEAT rocket that is detonated by a pressure sensitive tape switch laid across the road.
The growing popularity in the audiophile community of single-ended valve ( vacuum tube ) amplifiers has sparked renewed interest in the Klipschorn and other highly sensitive Klipsch models.
A positive test means having a high risk of chromosomal abnormalities ( and neural tube defects ), and such patients are then referred for more sensitive and specific procedures to receive a definitive diagnosis, mostly invasive procedures like amniocentesis.
A phototube or photelectric cell is a type of gas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light.

tube and light
The luminous gain of the discussed tube was calculated from Eq. ( 6 ) for the 16 possible combinations of S-11 and S-20 photocathodes and P-11 and P-20 phosphor screens, for night light and P-20 light input.
Make sure that the metal tube through which the wire passes is in the shape of an inverted `` L '', the foot of the `` L '' about three inches long, so that the puppet can hang directly under the light.
This tube is placed in a specially constructed apparatus so that it is totally surrounded by optical fibres to capture all light emitted once the dye is excited using a laser.
CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluoresecent material ( if any ) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer ( though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data ).
To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light.
Cathode rays are invisible, but their presence was first detected in early vacuum tubes when they struck the glass wall of the tube, exciting the atoms of the glass and causing them to emit light, a glow called fluorescence.
In 1838, Michael Faraday passed a current through a rarefied air filled glass tube and noticed a strange light arc with its beginning at the cathode ( negative electrode ) and its end almost at the anode ( positive electrode ).
An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet light.
The tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material, called the phosphor, which absorbs the ultraviolet and re-emits visible light.
The pink-orange glow running through the center of the tube is from the electric discharge which produces incoherent light, just as in a neon tube.
The LCD itself is only a light valve, it does not generate light ; the light comes from a backlight that is either a florescent tube or a set of LEDs.
The characteristic brilliant red-orange color that is emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately ; Travers later wrote, " the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget.
The light source can be a laser, a discharge tube, or a synchrotron radiation source.
The programmed I / O bus would typically run low to medium-speed peripherals, such as printers, teletypes, paper tape punches and readers, while DMA was used for cathode ray tube screens with a light pen, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, tape drives, disk drives.
One common application of the RGB color model is the display of colors on a cathode ray tube ( CRT ), liquid crystal display ( LCD ), plasma display, or organic light emitting diode ( OLED ) display such as a television, a computer ’ s monitor, or a large scale screen.
In color television and video cameras manufactured before the 1990s, the incoming light was separated by prisms and filters into the three RGB primary colors feeding each color into a separate video camera tube ( or pickup tube ).
Cathodoluminescence is most commonly experienced in everyday life as the light emission from the inner surface of the cathode ray tube in television sets and computer CRT monitors.
Nasal endoscopy involves inserting a flexible fiber-optic tube with a light and camera at its tip into the nose to examine the nasal passages and sinuses.
Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high melting point, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications, such as light bulb, cathode-ray tube, and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, and rocket engine nozzles.

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