The design of the instrument was based on that of an instrument flown on the Pioneer Venus spacecraft.

* Pioneer 5 ( Pioneer P-2, Thor-Able 4, Pioneer V ) – interplanetary space between Earth and Venus, launched March 11, 1960

In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner solar system, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.

Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft

* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe ( Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13 ) – launched August 1978

** Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe

** Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300 kg parachuted probe

** Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

** Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

** Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

* Pioneer Venus – first Venus orbiter + landers

In 1980, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter indeed showed that Venus has a small weak magnetic field.

# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Cloud structure in Atmosphere of Venus | the Venusian atmosphere in 1979, revealed by ultraviolet observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched in 1978, and studied the planet for more than a decade after orbital insertion in 1978.

Pioneer Venus Orbiter or Pioneer Venus 1 was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978.

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments ( with a total mass of 45 kg ):

In order to understand the micrometeoroid population better, a number of spacecraft ( including Lunar Orbiter 1, Luna 3, Mars 1 and Pioneer 5 ) have carried micrometeoroid detectors.

* Pioneer Venus Orbiter

# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Had this mission and spacecraft been launched, it would have been designated Pioneer 12 ; that designation was later applied to the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.

Pioneer Venus Orbiter data indicates that Venus does not have a significant magnetic field.

* Pioneer Venus Orbiter in orbit of Venus, was positioned perfectly to take measurements of Halley's Comet during its perihelion February 9, 1986.

Pioneer 1, recorded a decrease in flux with distance from the Earth on the basis of 11 counts in 9 hours.

The four most distant spacecraft ( Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 ) are on course to leave the Solar System.

* 1958 – Pioneer program: NASA launches the lunar probe Pioneer 1 ( the probe falls back to Earth and burns up ).

* Pioneer 0 ( Thor-Able 1, Pioneer ) – Lunar orbiter, destroyed ( Thor failure 77 seconds after launch ) August 17, 1958

* Pioneer 1 ( Thor-Able 2, Pioneer I ) – Lunar orbiter, missed Moon ( third stage partial failure ) October 11, 1958

Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1. 1 AUs distance to the Sun.

Sedna's orbit ( left ) is longer than 100 Tm, but other lengths are between 10 and 100 Tm: Comet Hale-Bopp's orbit ( lower, faint orange ); one light-day ( yellow spherical shell with yellow Vernal point arrow as radius ); the heliosphere's Heliosphere # Termination shock | termination shock ( blue shell ); and other arrows show positions of Voyager 1 ( red ) and Pioneer 10 ( green ).

Only a handful of interstellar probes, such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and New Horizons, are currently on trajectories that leave our Solar System.

Pioneer pastoralists, often men with experience as squatters in Australia, leased lands from the government at the annual rate of £ 5 plus £ 1 for each 1, 000 sheep above the first 5, 000.

During the 1990s, Voyager 1 overtook the slower deep-space probes Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to become the most distant manmade object from Earth, a record that it will keep for the foreseeable future.

Voyager 1 and Pioneer 10 are the most widely separated manmade objects anywhere, since they are traveling in roughly opposite directions from the Solar System.

Following a private service, a public memorial was held on June 1, in Pioneer Park, in Nevada City.

Several spacecraft ( Mariner 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2 ) had performed gravity assist manoeuvres in the 1970s.

With Sierra and Pioneer investing over $ 12 million, the new company immediately manufactured and shipped over twenty of Sierra ’ s most popular products to Japan and created new titles for the Japanese market.

The Pioneer Column, a military volunteer force of settlers organised by Cecil Rhodes, founded the city on 12 September 1890 as a fort.

On 12 March 2012, Pioneer Easy Bus Company, a private transport company, started public bus service in Kampala with an estimated 100 buses each with a 60-passenger capacity ( 30 seated and 30 standing ), acquired from China.

Pioneer 0 was launched on Thor missile number 127 at 12: 18: 00 UTC on August 17, 1958 by the United States Air Force, only 4 minutes after the scheduled launch time.

Pioneer 3 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched at 05: 45: 12 UTC on 6 December 1958 by the U. S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency in conjunction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, using a Juno II rocket.

“ The Demise of Sulphur Springs .” Benton County Pioneer 45. 1 ( 2000 ): 12 – 14.

The international airport that serves Hampden County, and the Pioneer Valley in general, is Bradley International Airport, which is located 12 miles south of Springfield in the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut, land that formerly belonged to Springfield.

Pioneer 10 carried 11 instruments, and Pioneer 11 carried 12, for investigating Jupiter and Saturn, respectively.

At this time Pioneer 6 had operated for 12, 758 days, making it the oldest operating space probe until it was surpassed by Voyager 2 on August 13, 2012.

In the spring of 2006, the new Carnival Cruise Lines Terminal, more formally the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal, opened at Pier 12 at Pioneer Street, bringing additional tourists.

The Pioneer Fund was described by the Sunday Telegraph ( March 12, 1989 ) as a " neo-Nazi organization closely integrated with the far right in American politics.

Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS.

In March 2010, Pioneer stopped producing televisions, announced on 12 February 2009.

This purchase added 20 newspapers to the company stable and the immediate sale ( over the next five weeks ) of 12 publications including the St. Paul Pioneer Press, San Jose Mercury News and The Philadelphia Inquirer.

In 1880 a two-horse carriage carried passengers and freight from roughly today's Pioneer Square to Belltown every two hours at a fare of 12. 5 cents in an open coach or 15 cents in a covered coach.

He was named Pioneer League Player of the Week for July 12 July 18 and in his first professional season he made the jump from Rookie-league to Double-A.

At about 3 to 4pm on Friday, 29 April, a family of four of Chinese descent, Professor Jifeng " Jeff " Ding, his wife Helen Chui and their two daughters Xing ( aged 18 ) and Alice ( aged 12 ) were stabbed to death at their home in Pioneer Close, part of the re-developed Royal Pioneer Corps ' Simpson Barracks.

* Obituary, NY Times, December 12, 1941, Dr. Frank Conrad, Radio Pioneer, Dies