The concept of intermediate divine beings was common to Platonism and heretical Jewish sects.

:* A modern concept similar to participation in classical Platonism ; see the Theory of Forms

: Amaury de Bene is often identified as being the originator of this concept, but it had been present as a doctrine in the Church since its inception in the works of Christians influenced by Platonism such as Pseudo-Dionysius, Pelagius and John Scotus Eriugena, especially in its Eastern ( Byzantine ) incarnation.

The central concept of Platonism is the distinction between that reality which is perceptible, but not intelligible, and that which is intelligible, but imperceptible ; to this distinction the Theory of Forms is essential.

He has done work on the theory of generic multiverses and related concept of Ω-logic which suggested an argument that the Continuum Hypothesis is either undecidable or false in the sense of Mathematical Platonism.

Although apart from the practice of magic, this was not a revival of pagan cultic practice, the Renaissance was a " rebirth " of the philosophy of pagan antiquity especially Platonism ( or Neo-Platonism, Plotinism ), but also Epicureanism, re-introduced by Baroque philosopher Pierre Gassendi, described as a " new paganism " in the history of philosophy.

Philo was influenced by Platonism to the extent that he is considered a Middle Platonist philosopher.

The term Platonism is used because such a view is seen to parallel Plato's Theory of Forms and a " World of Ideas " ( Greek: Eidos ( εἶδος )) described in Plato's Allegory of the cave: the everyday world can only imperfectly approximate an unchanging, ultimate reality.

Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.

), Plato's Parmenides and Its Heritage, Volume 1: History and Interpretation from the Old Academy to later Platonism and Gnosticism.

Plato's influence on Western culture was so profound that several different concepts are linked by being called " platonic " or Platonist, for accepting some assumptions of Platonism, but which do not imply acceptance of that philosophy as a whole.

Middle Platonism is the modern name given to a stage in the development of Plato's philosophy, lasting from about 90 BC, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected the scepticism of the New Academy, until the development of Neoplatonism under Plotinus in the 3rd century.

Platonism was originally expressed in the dialogues of Plato, in which the figure of Socrates is used to expound certain doctrines, that may or may not be similar to the thought of the historical Socrates, Plato's master.

In the third century, Plotinus recast Plato's system, establishing Neoplatonism, in which Middle Platonism was fused with oriental mysticism.

Similarly, a form of modern Platonism is found in the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.

The theory can be considered a form of Platonism in that it posits the existence of mathematical entities, but can also be considered a mathematical monism in that it denies that anything exists except mathematical objects.

Mathematical Platonism is the form of realism that suggests that mathematical entities are abstract, have no spatiotemporal or causal properties, and are eternal and unchanging.

The theory can be considered a form of Pythagoreanism or Platonism in that it posits the existence of mathematical entities ; a form of mathematical monism in that it denies that anything exists except mathematical objects ; and a formal expression of ontic structural realism.

* Raffini, Christine, " Marsilio Ficino, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione: Philosophical, Aesthetic, and Political Approaches in Renaissance Platonism ", 1998.

Around the same time, Alcinous wrote an extant treatise on Platonism, in which he postulated three principles: the first God, the ideas, which are regarded as thoughts of this " first God ", and matter.

Although not considered one of the most important " Inklings ", Fox's works are still of interest, particularly those concerning Christianity and Platonism.

The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as academic skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible.

The Ante Rem, or fully realist, variation of structuralism has a similar ontology to Platonism in that structures are held to have a real but abstract and immaterial existence.

In fact a lot of the concepts of Gnosticism itself is based on Platonism and Neo-Platonism ( for Valentinian Gnosticism ).

Plotinus advocated negative theology in his strand of neoplatonism ( although he may have had precursors in neopythagoreanism and middle Platonism ).

Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.

The " epistemic argument " against Platonism has been made by Paul Benacerraf and Hartry Field.

Merkelbach suggests that its mysteries were essentially created by a particular person or persons and created in a specific place, the city of Rome, by someone from an eastern province or border state who knew the Iranian myths in detail, which he wove into his new grades of initiation ; but that he must have been Greek and Greek-speaking because he incorporated elements of Greek Platonism into it.

Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato ; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.

* Platonism and the Spiritual Life, by George Santayana.

The response reconciles Platonism with empiricism by contending that an abstract ( i. e., not concrete ) object is real and knowable by its instantiation.

It is an answer to Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state, an answer from the standpoint of Platonism.

The anti-realist " epistemic argument " against Platonism has been made by Paul Benacerraf and Hartry Field.

Dadosky quotes Robert Segal, a professor of religion, who draws a distinction between Platonism and Eliade's " primitive ontology ": for Eliade, the ideal models are patterns that a person or object may or may not imitate ; for Plato, there is a Form for everything, and everything imitates a Form by the very fact that it exists.

His work, by opening up the relations of Platonism to the main questions of religion, contributed greatly to the extension of speculative thought in the department of theology.

Many researchers in axiomatic set theory have subscribed to what is known as set-theoretical Platonism, exemplified by mathematician Kurt Gödel.

This Christ myth was not based on a tradition reaching back to a historical Jesus, but on the Old Testament exegesis in the context of Jewish-Hellenistic religious syncretism heavily influenced by Middle Platonism, and what the authors believed to be mystical visions of a risen Jesus.

Hellenistic philosophy was succeeded by continued developments in Platonism and Epicureanism, with Neoplatonism in due course influencing the theology of the Church Fathers.

He finally went to live in Ferrara, a center of Platonism in Italy, where he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the University of Ferrara by Duke Alfonso II.

This section presents a simple formulation of plural logic / quantification approximately the same as given by Boolos in Nominalist Platonism ( Boolos 1985 ).

It was no different for the period considered here: the old was mixed with and changed by the new, but while no claims can be made for a revolutionary new starting point in philosophy, in many ways the synthesis of Christianity, Aristotelianism, and Platonism offered by Thomas Aquinas was torn apart in order to make way for a new one, based on more complete and varied sources, often in the original, and certainly attuned to new social and religious realities and a much broader public.