** Pope Celestine I ( Roman Catholic Church )

The Colonna family ( aside from the three brothers allied with the Pope ) declared that Boniface had been elected illegally following the unprecedented abdication of Pope Celestine V three years previously.

The next year Peter of Morrone, having been, despite his reluctance, elected Pope by the name of Celestine V, the order he had founded took the name of Celestines.

* 1294 – Pope Boniface VIII is elected Pope, replacing St. Celestine V, who had resigned.

In 1193 she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.

Its residents include those angels who did not fight at all in the war that resulted in the expulsion of Lucifer from Heaven and also either Pope Celestine V or Pontius Pilate ( the text is ambiguous ).

The official starting point for the Northern Crusades was Pope Celestine III's call in 1193 ; but the Christian kingdoms of Scandinavia and the Holy Roman Empire had begun moving to subjugate their pagan neighbors even earlier.

Pope Celestine III proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic heathens in 1195, which was reiterated by Pope Innocent III and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop Berthold of Hanover, landed in Livonia ( part of present-day Latvia, surrounding the Gulf of Riga ) in 1198.

Cyril and Nestorius asked Pope Celestine I to weigh in on the matter.

She named the project after a sign she saw in the abode of Pope Celestine V, which translates as ' a room of one's own ', and which Smith felt best described her solitary method of photography.

In a clear disagreement with Dante, in 1346 Petrach argued in his De vita solitaria that Pope Celestine V's refusal of the papacy in 1294 was as a virtuous example of solitary life.

Attached to the Frangipani family of Rome, his election as Pope was contested by a rival candidate, Celestine II, and force was used to guarantee his election.

There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the Cardinal-Priest of Sant ’ Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.

He had only just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party of Frangipani supporters ( in a move pre-arranged with Cardinal Aymeric ) burst in, attacked the newly-enthroned Celestine, who was wounded, and acclaimed Lamberto as Pope.

Since Celestine had not been formally consecrated pope, the wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept Lamberto, who in the confusion had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

It was begun under Pope Clement III and completed in 1192 under Pope Celestine III.

Pope Celestine V abdicated on 13 December 1294 at Naples, where he had established the papal court under the patronage of King Charles II of Sicily.

Pope Saint Celestine I was elevated to the papacy in the year 422, on 3 November according to the Liber Pontificalis, but on 10 April according to Tillemont.

** Saint Pope Pius V

* Pope Adrian V ( c. 1205 – 1276 )

In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V the right to reduce " Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers " to hereditary slavery.

As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII.

In 1589 Pope Sixtus V united to the Congregation of St Ambrose the monasteries of a group known as the " Brothers of the Apostles of the Poor Life " ( or " Apostolini " or " Brothers of St. Barnabas "), whose houses were in the province of Genoa and in the March of Ancona.

The union was confirmed by Pope Paul V in 1606, at which time the congregation added the name of St. Barnabas to its title, adopted new constitutions, divided its houses into four provinces, two of them, St Clement's and St Pancras's, being in Rome.

* 1314 – Pope Clement V ( b. 1264 )

Pope Martin V protested in vain against the inscription on the sarcophagus: " John the former pope ".

This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name ( Pope Felix III and Pope Felix IV ) were given wrong numerals, as was Antipope Felix V.

While Pope Stephen V supported Guy, crowning him Roman Emperor in 891, Arnulf threw his support behind Berengar.

By the time of Pope Martin V their signature was made essential to the validity of the acts of the chancery ; and they obtained in course of time many important privileges.

Pope Martin V ( Constit.

Pope Paul V, who in early manhood was a member of the College ( Const.

* Pope Urban V ( 1310 – 70, r. 1362 – 70 )

After the murder in that year of Henry III of France, Pope Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris to negotiate with the Catholic League of France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him as theologian.

He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but only in the second conclave of 1605 was he papabile.

Under Pope Paul V ( reigned 1605 – 1621 ), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy.

In 1589, by the bull Cum pro nostri temporali munere, Pope Sixtus V re-organised the choir of St Peter's, Rome specifically to include castrati.

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, composed of six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons ; however, Pope John XXIII began to exceed the overall limit of 70, and this continued under his successors.

* 1215 – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid.

In 1215, the bishops of the Catholic Church met at the Fourth Council of the Lateran under Pope Innocent III.

The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull of April 19, 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning November 11, 1215.

Over the course of his reign a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars and conflict with the Pope had made King John unpopular with his barons, and in 1215 some of the most important decided to rebel against him.

The only king of the Welf dynasty, he incurred the wrath of Pope Innocent III and was excommunicated in 1215.

Pope John XXI, born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus ( c. 1215 – 20 May 1277 ), a Portuguese often identified with Pedro Hispano ( Latin, Petrus Hispanus ; English, Peter of Spain ), was Pope from 1276 until his death about eight months later.

Pope Saint Celestine V ( 1215 – 19 May 1296 ), born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario, Angelieri, Angelliero, or Angeleri ), also known as Pietro da Morrone, was elected Pope in the year 1294 in the last non-conclave papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.

Pope Innocent III ’ s increased involvement in Imperial elections took historically documented form when he called the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 during which time he beckoned about 1200 bishops, abbots and nobles from around Europe to assist in either tweaking current laws or creating new ones to further influence the masses in supporting the Pope as the universal authority of the Empire.

* May 20 – Pope John XXI ( b. 1215 )

Stephen Langton ( c. 1150 – 9 July 1228 ) was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which was a contributing factor to the crisis which led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215.

His brother Simon Langton was elected Archbishop of York in 1215, but that election was quashed by Pope Innocent III.

The history of engagement rings first originated in 1215, when Pope Innocent III established a waiting period between the promise of marriage, and the actual marriage ceremony.

* May 19 – Pope Celestine V ( b. 1215 )

In 1207, Pope Innocent III placed the kingdom of England under an Interdict as the result of actions taken by King John ( 1199 – 1215 ) culminating in a debate over the appointment for a successor to the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Finally, Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius III during the synod held at Verona in 1184, and the doctrine of the Poor of Lyons was again condemned by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 where they are mentioned by name for the first time, and regarded as heresy.

The practice was eventually prohibited by decree of Pope Innocent III in 1215.

At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 Pope Innocent III prohibited trial by ordeal and forbade ecclesiastics from taking part in it.

At the Fourth Council of the Lateran ( 1215 ), Pope Innocent III explicitly prohibited the eating of these geese during Lent, arguing that despite their unusual reproduction, they lived and fed like ducks and so were of the same nature as other birds.

Some of the most pertinent Roman Catholic expressions of this doctrine are: the profession of faith of Pope Innocent III ( 1208 ), the profession of faith of the Fourth Lateran Council ( 1215 ), the bull Unam sanctam of Pope Boniface VIII ( 1302 ), and the profession of faith of the Council of Florence ( 1442 ).

The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 deprecated judicial duels, and Pope Honorius III in 1216 asked the Teutonic order to cease its imposition of judicial duels on their newly converted subjects in Livonia.