Pope Leo 13, on the 13th day of December 1898, granted the following indulgences: `` An indulgence of three hundred days is granted to all the Faithful who read the Holy Gospels at least a quarter of an hour.

This use of the title is said to have originated in the right conceded to the king of France, by the concordat between Pope Leo X and Francis I ( 1516 ), to appoint abbés commendataires to most of the abbeys in France.

The powerful Mariology of Ambrose of Milan influenced contemporary Popes like Pope Damasus and Siricius and later, Pope Leo the Great.

In 1884, he was created by Pope Leo XIII Archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India as an Apostolic Delegate to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there.

Pope Leo I requests Genseric not destroy the ancient city or murder its citizens.

In the list of popes given in the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, the following note is attached to the name of Pope Leo VIII ( 963 – 965 ): At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter.

In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who " anointed him as king ".

Algardi's first major commission came about in 1634, when Cardinal Ubaldini ( Medici ) contracted for a funeral monument for his great-uncle, Pope Leo XI, the third of the Medici popes, who had reigned for less than a month in 1605.

Algardi's large dramatic marble high-relief panel of Pope Leo and Attila ( 1646 – 53 ) for St Peter's Basilica was widely admired in his day, and reinvigorated the use of such marble reliefs.

* 1884 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum Genus.

** Pope Leo IX

* 1605 – Pope Leo XI ( b. 1535 )

* 1887 – On Easter Sunday, Pope Leo XIII authorizes the establishment of The Catholic University of America.

Pope Leo XIII ( Constitutio Universae Eccles., 29 December 1878 ) ordained that they should be written henceforth in ordinary Latin characters upon ordinary parchment, and that no abbreviations should be used except those easily understood.

By decree of pope Leo X they were created papal nobles, ranking as Comes palatinus (' Count Palatine '), familiars and members of the papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileges of domestic prelates and of prelates in actual attendance on the Pope, as regards plurality of benefices as well as expectives.

Pope Leo XIII ( Motu Proprio, 4 July 1898 ) most solemnly decreed the abolition of all venality in the transfer or Collation of the said offices.

This can be clearly seen in the ministry of two popes: Pope Leo I in the 5th century, and Pope Gregory I in the 6th century.

Since Pope Leo XIII issued the bull Apostolicae Curae in 1896, the Catholic Church has insisted that Anglican orders are invalid because of changes in the Anglican ordination rites of the 16th century and divergence in understanding of the theology of priesthood, episcopacy and Eucharist.

The Benedictine Confederation, which was established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII in his brief Summum semper, is the international governing body of the order, headed by the Abbot Primate.

Rather, in modern times, the various autonomous houses have formed themselves loosely into congregations ( for example, Cassinese, English, Solesmes, Subiaco, Camaldolese, Sylvestrines ) that in turn are represented in the Benedictine Confederation that came into existence through Pope Leo XIII's Apostolic Brief " Summum semper " on July 12, 1883.

He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but only in the second conclave of 1605 was he papabile.

As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII.

File: Tomb of Pope Clement XIII Gregorovius. jpg | Tomb of Clement XIII

He was one of the seven cardinals who, in May 1408, deserted Pope Gregory XII, and, with those following Antipope Benedict XIII from Avignon, convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became the leader.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

Here he remained, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII to lecture on polemical theology in the new Roman College.

In 1883, Cyril was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII.

Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

In 1891 Pope Leo XIII promulgated Rerum Novarum, in which he addressed the " misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class " and spoke of how " a small number of very rich men " had been able to " lay upon the teeming masses of the laboring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself .".

* Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ) papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII

* Pope Benedict XIII

The two line poetic form as a closed couplet was also used by William Blake in his poem Auguries of Innocence and also by Byron ( Don Juan ( Byron ) XIII ); John Gay ( Fables ); Alexander Pope ( An Essay on Man ).

In more detail, the gradual shift to March 11 induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar.

The history of Italian cinema began just a few months after the Lumière brothers had patented their Cinematographe, when Pope Leo XIII was filmed for a few seconds in the act of blessing the camera.

* 1582 – Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.

* 1649 – Pope Benedict XIII ( d. 1730 )

He moved to Rome, received a lifetime annuity from Pope Gregory XIII ( after first having been rejected by Pope Pius V ) and finished his autobiography.

The Catholic anti-liberalism was led by Pope Pius IX ; his death in 1878 allowed Bismarck to open negotiations with Pope Leo XIII, and led to the abandonment of the Kulturkampf in stages in the early 1880s.

* 1792 – Pope Pius IX ( d. 1878 )

* May 13 – Pope Pius IX ( d. 1878 )

One of the forces that drove the spread of the rosary during the 19th century among Roman Catholics was the influence of the Rosary Pope, a title given to Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 – 1903 ) because he issued a record twelve encyclicals and five Apostolic Letters on the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October and, in 1883, added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto.

Pope Leo XIII ( 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903 ), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903.

Pope Pius died on 7 February 1878, and during his closing years the Liberal press had often insinuated that the Italian Government should take a hand in the conclave and occupy the Vatican.

Blessed Pope Pius IX ( 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878 ), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years.

Victor Emanuel died in Rome in 1878, after refusing to meet with Pope Pius IX's envoys, who could have reversed the excommunication.

Della Chiesa entered the Collegio Capranica and was there in Rome when, in 1878, Pope Pius IX died and was followed by Pope Leo XIII.

But Della Chiesa's association with Rampolla, the architect of Pope Leo XIII's ( 1878 – 1903 ) foreign policy, made his position in the Secretariat of State under the new pontificate somewhat uncomfortable.

Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ), was written to mark ' forty years ' since Pope Leo XIII's ( 1878 – 1903 ) encyclical Rerum novarum, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity.

In 1878, Albert Pope began manufacturing the Columbia bicycle outside of Boston, starting their two-decade heyday in America.

His services to the papal see were recognized by Pope Pius IX, on whom he wrote ( 1878 ) a monograph.

Pope Pius IX ( 1846 – 1878 ), Allocution Singulari Quadem, December 9, 1854: " Not without sorrow we have learned that another error, no less destructive, has taken possession of some parts of the Catholic world, and has taken up its abode in the souls of many Catholics who think that one should have good hope of the eternal salvation of all those who have never lived in the true Church of Christ.

Pope Pius IX ( 1846 – 1878 ), Encyclical Singulari Quidem March 17, 1856 ): " Teach that just as there is only one God, one Christ, one Holy Spirit, so there is also only one truth which is divinely revealed.

Pope Pius IX ( 1846 – 1878 ), Encyclical Quanto conficiamur moerore, August 10, 1863: " And here, beloved Sons and Venerable Brothers, We should mention again and censure a very grave error in which some Catholics are unhappily engaged, who believe that men living in error, and separated from the true faith and from Catholic unity, can attain eternal life.

Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 – 1903 ), Encyclical Annum Ingressi Sumus: " This is our last lesson to you ; receive it, engrave it in your minds, all of you: by God's commandment salvation is to be found nowhere but in the Church.

He accompanied McCloskey to the 1878 papal conclave, but they arrived after the election of Pope Leo XIII had already taken place.

" Following the death of Pius IX in February 1878, McCloskey left for Rome but arrived too late to participate in the papal conclave, which elected Pope Leo XIII.