However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barberossa in supporting Victor IV.

( Philosophumena, VII, xxiii ) The belief was declared heretical by Pope Victor I.

The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14, 000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him.

In 190 or 191, he was influential in influencing Pope Victor I not to excommunicate the Christian communities of Asia Minor which persevered in the practice of the Quartodeciman celebration of Easter.

Duchesne attributes all biographies from Pope Gregory VII to Urban II to Pandulf, while earlier historians like Giesebrecht and Watterich attributed the biographies of Gregory VII, Victor III, and Urban II to Petrus Pisanus, and the subsequent biographies to Pandulf.

Henry soon died and the council which was held under the direction of Pope Victor II at Cologne formally restored Godfrey to imperial favour.

French scholar Victor Saxer dates the identification of Mary Magdalene as a prostitute, and as Mary of Bethany, to a sermon by Pope Gregory the Great on September 21, 591 A. D., where he seemed to combine the actions of three women mentioned in the New Testament and also identified an unnamed woman as Mary Magdalene.

In Rome there were many who claimed to be the rightful bishop though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St. Peter up to his contemporary Pope Victor I and listed them.

The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree ( typically conservative, all papal " bulls " were on papyrus until 1022 ), under Pope Victor II, and 1087 for an Arabic document.

Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe, authors of The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan, theorize that if a female pope did exist, a more plausible time frame is 1086 and 1108, when there were several Antipopes ; during this time the reign of the legitimate Popes Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II was not always established in Rome, since the city was occupied by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and later sacked by the Normans.

Pope Victor III, in his third book of Dialogues, referred to " his rapes, murders and other unspeakable acts.

At this time his health was so weakened that his fellow Christians sent him to Antium to recuperate and he was given a pension by Pope Victor I.

Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino was first chosen pope as Victor III when Gregory VII died in 1085, but after Victor's short reign, Otho was elected Pope Urban II by acclamation ( March 1088 ) at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088.

Five days after the death of Pope Victor II ( who had made him cardinal-priest and abbot of Monte Cassino ) he was chosen to succeed him as Pope Stephen IX.

Pope Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 ( the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201 ).

Pope Victor I was the first bishop of Rome born in the Roman Province of Africa: probably he was born in Leptis Magna ( or Tripolitania ).

His feast day is celebrated on 28 July as " St Victor I, Pope and Martyr ".

Pope Victor changed the language to Latin, which was used in his native North Africa.

Pope Victor II ( c. 1018 – 28 July 1057 ), born Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein, and Hirschberg, was Pope from 1055 to 1057.

* 1923 – Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria ( d. 2012 )

* Pope Adrian III ( died 885 )

Pope Innocent III espoused the cause of Ingeborg ; but Philip did not submit until 1200, when, nine months after interdict had been added to excommunication, he consented to a separation from Agnes.

* Pope Alexander III, pope from 1159 to 1181

* 1215 – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid.

In 1204 his doctrines were condemned by the university, and, on a personal appeal to Pope Innocent III, the sentence was ratified, Amalric being ordered to return to Paris and recant his errors.

According to Hosea Ballou, then Pierre Batiffol ( 1911 ) and George T. Knight ( 1914 ) Amalric was a believer that all people would eventually be saved and this was one of the counts upon which he was declared a heretic by Pope Innocent III.

Afonso wed Maud of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, and sent ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Pope.

In the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent crown with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

After being excommunicated for his audacities by Pope Honorius III, Afonso II promised to make amends to the church, but he died in 1223 before making any serious attempts to do so.

He was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI.

Autpert's election as abbot caused internal dissent at St. Vicenzo, and both Pope Stephen III and Charlemagne intervened.

# REDIRECT Pope Anastasius III

* Pope Anastasius III – Pope 911 – 913

In the beginning of 1198, Pope Innocent III requested that Andrew fulfill his father's last wishes and lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.

Finally, Andrew made an agreement with his son with the mediation of Pope Honorius III and the junior king took over again the government of Slavonia, Dalmatia and Croatia.

The junior King Béla IV started, with the authorization of Pope Honorius III, to take back the royal domains in his provinces that Andrew had granted to his partisans during the first half of his reign.

* 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name ( Pope Felix III and Pope Felix IV ) were given wrong numerals, as was Antipope Felix V.

* Pope Adrian I ( c. 700-795 )

* Pope Adrian IV ( c. 1100 – 1159 ), English pope

* Pope Adrian V ( c. 1205 – 1276 )

Baldassarre Cossa ( c. 1370 – 21 December 1418 ) was Pope John XXIII ( 1410 – 1415 ) during the Western Schism.

Alexander of Hales ( c. 1185 — 1245 ) ( also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius ) also called Doctor Irrefragibilis ( by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi ) and Theologorum Monarcha was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

Saint Boniface ( c 680 – 750 ), Pope Gregory I ( c 540 – 604, r. 590 – 604 ), Adalbert of Egmond ( 8th century ), and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom, currently on display at the Frans Hals Museum.

* Pope Sylvester II ( c 946 – 1003, r. 999 – 1003 )

* Pope Gregory VII ( c 1020 – 85, r. 1073 – 85 )

* St Vergilius of Salzburg ( c. 700 – 784 ), in the middle of the eighth century, discussed or taught some geographical or cosmographical ideas which St Boniface found sufficiently objectionable that he complained about them to Pope Zachary.

* 1276 – Pope Gregory X ( b. c. 1210 )

* 1058 – Pope Stephen IX ( b. c. 1020 )

In c. 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse.

Pope Pius XII, wearing the traditional 1877 Papal Tiara, is carried through St Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria c. 1955.

Pope Saint Linus ( died c. 76 ) was, according to several early sources, Bishop of the Diocese of Rome after Saint Peter.

Pope Alexander III ( c. 1100 / 1105 – 30 August 1181 ), born Rolando ( or Orlando ) of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

Pope Adrian ( c. 700 – 25 December 795 ) was pope from 1 February 772 to 25 December 795.

Pope Adrian IV ( c. 1100 – 1 September 1159 ), born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.

Pope Adrian V ( c. 1210 / 20 – 18 August 1276 ), born Ottobuono de ' Fieschi, was Pope for a short time during the year 1276.

Pope John XXI, born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus ( c. 1215 – 20 May 1277 ), a Portuguese often identified with Pedro Hispano ( Latin, Petrus Hispanus ; English, Peter of Spain ), was Pope from 1276 until his death about eight months later.