* July 12 – A revolt puts Leo V on the throne of the Byzantine Empire ; former emperor Michael I Rangabe becomes a monk, beginning the Second Iconoclastic Period.

* 6 October – Saint Nicetas the Patrician, Byzantine official and iconophile monk ( b. 761 / 2 )

Theodore the Studite ( also known as Theodorus Studita, St. Theodore of Stoudios, and St. Theodore of Studium ; 759 – 826 ) was a Byzantine Greek monk and abbot of the Stoudios monastery in Constantinople.

* 1018-1087 Michael Psellos or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian.

Michael Psellos or Psellus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Ψελλός, Mikhaēl Psellos ) was a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian.

In the 10th century, a Byzantine monk Simeon Metaphrastes was the first one to change the genre of lives of the saints into something different, giving it a moralizing and panegyrical character.

The impetus for this revival came in the mid 1400's when Leonardo de Candia Pistoia a Byzantine monk, brought in 1460 the Hermetica manuscript and the 14 books called Corpus Hermeticum to the court of Cosimo de ' Medici, ruler of Florence, who later requested the Latin translation by Marsilio Ficino, a member of the de ' Medici's court, who published a collection of thirteen tractates in 1471, as De potestate et sapientia Dei.

Villehardouin's account is generally read alongside that of Robert of Clari, a French knight of low station, Niketas Choniates, a high-ranking Byzantine official and historian who gives an eyewitness account, and Gunther of Pairis, a Cistercian monk who tells the story from the perspective of Abbot Martin who accompanied the Crusaders.

Saint Theophanes Confessor ( c. 758 / 760 – March 12, 817 / 818 ) was a member of the Byzantine aristocracy, who became a monk and chronicler.

Discredited, Michael was forced to abdicate and become a monk — the third Byzantine Emperor undone by Krum in as many years.

Thaïs takes place in Egypt during Byzantine rule, where a Cenobite monk, Athanaël, attempts to convert Thaïs, an Alexandrian courtesan and devotee of Venus, to Christianity, but discovers too late that his obsession with her is rooted in lust ; while the courtesan's true purity of heart is revealed, so is the religious man's baser nature.

Zonaras, a Byzantine monk from the twelfth century AD, transcribed works that were written by Romans around the time of the Punic Wars.

They are works by early Christian and Byzantine churchmen that would have been available to Kirill in Slavonic translations: John Chrysostom, Epiphanius of Salamis, Ephrem of Syrus, Gregory of Nazianzus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the scholia of Nicetas of Heraclea, Titus of Bostra, Theophylact of Ohrid, and the chronicler George the monk ( George Hamartolus ).

For instance in some Byzantine monastic practices two levels of fully professed monk or nun exist: those of the " little habit " and those other of the " great habit ", these being more senior and not having to do manual labor.

Perhaps the earliest set of troparia of known authorship are those of the monk Auxentios ( first half of the 5th century ), attested in his biography but not preserved in any later Byzantine order of service.

During Byzantine rule, the first hermitage in Palestine was established by the early Christian monk Hilarion at the site of modern-day Deir al-Balah.

* Thomas Magister, a 14th-century Byzantine monk and scholar

Thus the expression, " Basilian monk " almost always refers to religious of those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite.

Perhaps the earliest set of troparia of known authorship are those of the monk Auxentios ( first half of the 5th century ), mentioned in his biography but not preserved in any later Byzantine order of service.

Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as foederati, to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses ' removal.

While the Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, Alexios was approached by the Doukas faction at court, who convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

The crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when the Byzantine contingent under Tatikios failed to help them during the siege of Antioch ; Bohemund, who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch, briefly went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but was blockaded by the Byzantine forces and agreed to become Alexios ' vassal by the Treaty of Devol in 1108.

He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.

Alexios ' policy of integration of the nobility bore the fruit of continuity: every Byzantine emperor who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was related to him by either descent or marriage.

The subsequent years witnessed the gradual extinction of Byzantine rule in Asia Minor, as Orhan of the Ottoman Turks, who had already defeated Andronikos III at Pelekanos in 1329, took Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337.

The year 1166 was relatively quiet, but Amalric sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire seeking an alliance and a Byzantine wife, and throughout the year had to deal with raids by Nur ad-Din, who captured Banias.

that the real author was Herennius Philo of Byblus, who was born during the reign of Nero and lived till the reign of Hadrian, and that the treatise in its present form is a revision prepared by a later Byzantine editor, whose name may have been Ammonius.

However, in the Byzantine and other Eastern rites, whether Eastern or Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Catholic, chrismation is done immediately after baptism, and thus the priest is the one who confirms, using chrism blessed by a bishop.

The city was sacked by the Samaritans in 529, but rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Arab Caliphate of ' Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines.

Oryphas, the admiral of the Byzantine fleet, alerted the emperor Michael, who promptly put the invaders to flight ; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens.

" By contrast, the composition from the Byzantine point of view portrays Constantine Palaeologus as a brave leader who gave his life for the cause.

In Constantinople around 400 AD the empress Aelia Eudoxia had a eunuch choir-master, Brison, who may have established the use of castrati in Byzantine choirs, though whether Brison himself was a singer, and whether he had colleagues who were eunuch singers, is not certain.

The supposed " after Passover " rule is called the Zonaras proviso, after Joannes Zonaras, the Byzantine canon lawyer who may have been the first to formulate it.

In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire ; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired.

Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word " autokrator ", meaning " one who rules himself ," or " monarch ," which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.

The Byzantine empire also produced three women who effectively governed the state: the Empress Irene and the Empresses Zoe and Theodora.

The Bulgarian monarch, who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart by claiming the title " Emperor of the Romans " ( basileus tōn Rōmaiōn ), was eventually recognized, as " Emperor of the Bulgarians " ( basileus tōn Boulgarōn ) by the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos in 924.

In 1472, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Palaiologina, married Ivan III, grand prince of Moscow, who began championing the idea of Russia being the successor to the Byzantine Empire.

Nur ad-Din remained a threat in the east, and Baldwin had to contend with the advances of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who claimed suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch.

Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of 15, 000 horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705.

The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the Carolingian Empire to the north and west and the Byzantine Empire to the east.

The Christian Byzantine author Eutychius claimed that the Jews of Nazareth helped the Persians carry out their slaughter of the Christians.

The ravages of the Lombards rendered it very difficult to communicate with the Byzantine Emperor at Constantinople, who claimed the privilege of confirming the election of the popes.

* Byzantine emperor Justinian II sends a fleet to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine and the archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claimed to be independent of the pope's authority.

However, this policy necessarily meant war with not only the Byzantine Empire but the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate as well, who claimed southern Italy as within their sphere influence.

Yet Manuel's attention was to be drawn to Antioch again in 1156, when Raynald of Châtillon, the new Prince of Antioch, claimed that the Byzantine emperor had reneged on his promise to pay him a sum of money, and vowed to attack the Byzantine province of Cyprus.

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world and claimed succession to the Byzantine legacy in the form of the Third Rome idea.

Bahram Chobin claimed the throne for himself and defeated Khosrau, who subsequently fled to the Byzantine court.

Some Byzantine authors condemned them as sorcery and the work of demons, others admitted that such magic was beneficial ; none of them claimed that it didn ’ t work.

He belonged to a family which claimed descent from the Byzantine Phokas family.

This first theory claimed that the exportation of violence to the east, and the assistance to the struggling Byzantine Empire were the Crusaders ' primary goals, and that the conquest of Jerusalem was more a secondary, popular goal.

After the death of his first consort, Maria of Tver ( 1467 ), and at the suggestion of Pope Paul II ( 1469 ), who hoped thereby to bind Russia to the Holy See, Ivan III wedded Sophia Paleologue ( also known under her original Greek and Orthodox name of Zoe ), daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea, who claimed the throne of Constantinople as the brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor.

Alexius I had made a separate peace with the Turks and now claimed the city for the Byzantine Empire.

But he had to face two great forces — the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories and was supported in its claim by Raymond of Toulouse, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of Syria.

* Eugenio Lascorz who claimed connection to the royal house of the Byzantine Empire.

This flag was based on their coat of arms, whose pattern is supposed to be derived from the standards of their claimed ancestor, Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas ( 963 – 969 AD ).

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Russian Tsars ( a title derived from Caesar ) claimed the Byzantine mantle as the champion of Orthodoxy ; Moscow was described as the " Third Rome " and the Tsars ruled as divinely-appointed Emperors into the 20th century.

The pope claimed the recognition of his supremacy over Hungary which Géza did not accept, but the Byzantine emperor sent a crown, that was later incorporated with the ancient crown of Hungary, to him and Géza was crowned by that crown because the ancient crown was in the possession of King Solomon.

Charlemagne claimed that it had been brought to him by an angel while he prayed at the Holy Sepulchre, although a more prosaic report says it was a wedding gift from the Byzantine Empress Irene.

* Earlier, in the 14th century, as the Byzantine Empire weakened, the capital of Bulgaria Tarnovo ( Tarnovgrad ) had also claimed to be the Third Rome based on its pre-eminent cultural influence in the Balkans and the Slavic Orthodox world.

Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family ; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan I had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos.