* wikibooks: A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology: Local History terminology.

* Researcher's Portfolio Janina Sokolowska-Halliop: Histology, Pathomorfology, Pathologic Anatomy.

He also holds membership in the International Space Researcher's Association and the International Academy of Astronautics.

Furthermore, it may be possible to estimate the error due to bias in method ( as distinguished from sampling error ) in each of these sources, on such subjects as fertility, mortality, and migration during a given interval by using information from two largely independent sources in conjunction.

For example, one meta-analysis reviewing human brain lesions has shown a left hemisphere bias during tool usage.

Barry Winchell, apparently motivated by anti-gay bias, President Clinton issued an executive order modifying the Uniform Code of Military Justice to permit evidence of a hate crime to be admitted during the sentencing phase of a trial.

A 2010 study by Sean Aday comparing Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Humes and NBC's Nightly News coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 found that both underplayed bad news ; it concluded that " Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC ", suggesting that " if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC ... they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media ".

According to the same index series, even " dedicated short bias " funds had a return of − 6. 08 % during September 2008.

Excluding subjects who move out of the study area during follow-up is rather equivalent of dropout or nonresponse, a selection bias in that it rather affects the internal validity of the study.

* In the USA during the labor union movement and the civil rights movement, newspapers supporting liberal social reform were accused by conservative newspapers of communist bias.

BBC was accused of pro-Palestinian bias over a documentary about Israel developing a nuclear weapon during the second Palestinian intifada in 2000.

* Media bias during the Vietnam War

His isolation was only compounded by articles published in the magazine alternative, which, following the lead of Hannah Arendt ’ s articles in Merkur, claimed Adorno had subjected Benjamin to pressure during his years of exile in Berlin and compiled Benjamin ’ s Writings and Letters with a great deal of bias.

Possibly independently of Weber and Braunmühl, the UK company Boosey & Hawkes produced a steel wire recorder under government contract during the Second World War that was equipped with AC bias.

It is 5 to 9 times more common in females than males during young adulthood, though this may be due to selection bias as males who could be diagnosed with DID may end up in the criminal justice system rather than hospitals.

Studies of group I introns from Tetrahymena protozoans indicate that some introns appear to be selfish genetic elements, neutral to the host because they remove themselves from flanking exons during RNA processing and do not produce an expression bias between alleles with and without the intron.

During his lifetime, Vallabhbhai Patel received criticism of an alleged bias against Muslims during the time of partition.

A last step taken by Revox produced even more-advanced cassette drives with electronic finetuning of bias and equalization during recording.

* 1973: AC Milan 1 – 0 Leeds United-The crowd at the final reacted to perceived bias towards Milan by referee Christos Michas by throwing missiles during the victors ' lap of honour, but despite protests the result was not overturned.

states that historical evidence does support the explanation of " strong sexual asymmetry ... as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest.

In response to protests during the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay and accusations of bias from the western media, Chinese blogs, forums and websites became filled with nationalistic material, while flash counter-protests were generated through electronic means, such as the use of SMS and IM.

HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content.

Dolby HX Pro headroom extension provided better high-frequency response by adjusting the inaudible tape bias during the recording of strong high-frequency sounds, which had a bias effect of their own.

* Freelance terrorist Carlos the Jackal claimed responsibility for three car bomb attacks on French newspapers accused of pro-Israeli bias during the 1970s.

It is of concern then that causal and motivational mechanisms driving the process of cognitive closure may sometimes invite bias in: 1 ) selecting the most relevant information one should attend to for increasing chances of adaptation ; 2 ) initiating and sustaining cognitive manipulations that are required to achieve particular outcomes ; 3 ) making judgments and assessments of input information ; and 4 ) weighing information during the course of decision-making.

The learner is assumed to reach a state where it will also be able to predict the correct output for other examples, thus generalizing to situations not presented during training ( based on its inductive bias ).

Due to the growth of these communities and cultural bias during World War I and World War II, Texas German speakers drifted towards English, and few passed the language to their descendants.

A 2006 reanalysis of the data questioned this hypothesis, as it claimed to have found a data collection bias, which led to an erroneous conclusion.

Observational data may be subject to omitted-variable bias and a list of other problems that must be addressed using causal analysis of simultaneous-equation models.

In fact, Bayesian inference can be used to show that when the long-run proportion of different outcomes are unknown but exchangeable ( meaning that the random process from which they are generated may be biased but is equally likely to be biased in any direction ) previous observations demonstrate the likely direction of the bias, such that the outcome which has occurred the most in the observed data is the most likely to occur again.

Similarly, if funding is withdrawn part way through an experiment, and the analyst must work with incomplete data, this is a possible source of bias for classical methods but not for Bayesian methods, which do not depend on the intended design of the experiment.

This requires the learning algorithm to generalize from the training data to unseen situations in a " reasonable " way ( see inductive bias ).

A learning algorithm with low bias must be " flexible " so that it can fit the data well.

If the true function is simple, then an " inflexible " learning algorithm with high bias and low variance will be able to learn it from a small amount of data.

But if the true function is highly complex ( e. g., because it involves complex interactions among many different input features and behaves differently in different parts of the input space ), then the function will only be learnable from a very large amount of training data and using a " flexible " learning algorithm with low bias and high variance.

Good learning algorithms therefore automatically adjust the bias / variance tradeoff based on the amount of data available and the apparent complexity of the function to be learned.

Computerized instruments often keep a copy of the " raw data " from sensors before processing, which is the ultimate defense against processing bias, and similarly scientific standards require preservation of the original unenhanced " raw " versions of images used as research data.

Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation ( see the Observer-expectancy effect, and cognitive bias ).

Once tunneling is established, the tip's bias and position with respect to the sample can be varied ( with the details of this variation depending on the experiment ) and data are obtained from the resulting changes in current.

Ptolemy was confident he had found an accurate empirical law, partially as a result of fudging his data to fit theory ( see: confirmation bias ).

In the same year in the United States, according to Federal Bureau of Investigation data, though 4, 704 crimes were committed due to racial bias and 1, 617 were committed due to sexual orientation, only one murder and one forcible rape were committed due to racial bias, whereas five murders and six rapes were committed based on sexual orientation.

The algorithm can be iteratively updated with ' live ' data, rather than by picking random points from a data set, but this will introduce some bias if the data is temporally correlated over many samples.

The study examined the outcomes of the 10, 000 lower-income people eligible for Medicare who were chosen by this randomized system, which helped eliminate potential bias in the data produced.

* 1991 — Donald Gudehus discovers a serious systematic bias in certain cluster galaxy data ( surface brightness vs. radius parameter, and the method ) which affect galaxy distances and evolutionary history ; he devises a new distance indicator, the reduced galaxian radius parameter,, which is free of biases,

Pascal is known for his sharp criticisms of the data management industry, trade press, current state of higher education, Western culture and alleged media bias.

" Some techniques such as Drummond Geometry attempt to overcome the past data bias by projecting support and resistance levels from differing time frames into the near-term future and combining that with reversion to the mean techniques.

" The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of their own bias on the data.