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Saxon and Shore
And it is this, particularly the establishment of archaeology and place-name studies on a scientific basis, which are immediately pertinent to the Saxon Shore.
Now omitting for a moment some recent developments we can say the Saxon Shore hypothesis of Lappenberg and Kemble has undergone virtual eclipse in this century.
That is, there was no trace of Anglo-Saxons in Britain as early as the late third century, to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the Saxon Shore forts was beginning to point.
The great increase in the amount of archaeological activity, and therefore information, in the years immediately preceeding and following the Second World War has brought to light data which has changed the complection of the Saxon Shore dispute.
We know that the Saxon Shore was a phenonenon of late Roman defensive policy ; ;
So whenever the Romans finally withdrew from the island, the Saxon Shore disappeared in the first decade of the fifth century.
We also know that the Saxon Shore as reflected in the Notitia was created as a part of the Theodosian reorganization of Britain ( post A.D. 369 ).
My argument is that there was no Saxon Shore prior to that time even though the forts had been in existence since the time of Carausius.
Therefore, what we must prove or disprove is that there were Saxons, in the broad sense in which we must construe the word, in the area of the Saxon Shore at the time it was called the Saxon Shore.
In Gaul the Saxon element on its Saxon Shore was plainly visible because there the Saxons were an intrusive element in the population.
In Britain, obviously, the archaeological and place-name characteristics of the Saxon Shore region are bound to be Saxon.
Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions.
Near Padstow, a Roman site of some importance now lies buried under the sands on the opposite side of the Camel estuary near St. Enodoc's Church, and may have been a western coastal equivalent of a Saxon Shore Fort.
The Bagaudae had been easily suppressed, but Carausius, the man he had put in charge of operations against Saxon and Frankish pirates on the Saxon Shore, had begun keeping the goods seized from the pirates for himself.

Saxon and military
The disposition of Essex, held by West Saxon kings since the days of Egbert, is unclear from the treaty, though, given Alfred ’ s political and military superiority, it would have been surprising if he had conceded any disputed territory to his new godson.
Over the last two decades of his reign, Alfred undertook a radical reorganisation of the military institutions of his kingdom, strengthened the West Saxon economy through a policy of monetary reform and urban planning and strove to win divine favour by resurrecting the literary glories of earlier generations of Anglo-Saxons.
Each element of the system was meant to remedy defects in the West Saxon military establishment exposed by the Viking invasions.
According to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders.
Ceawlin clearly is part of the West Saxon expansion, but the military history of the period is difficult to understand.
Albert had a successful military career leading Saxon troops which participated in the First War of Schleswig, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War.
His reign proved uneventful, and he took little public part in politics, devoting himself to military affairs, in which his advice and experience were of the greatest value, not only to the Saxon corps but to the German army in general.
In order to defend against Saxon raiders, the Romans created a military district called the Litus Saxonicum (" Saxon Coast ") on both sides of the English Channel.
This military complex, named after Saxon King Albert, was not specifically targeted in the bombing of Dresden though was within the expected area of destruction.
His first diplomatic mission on behalf of the city, in September 1642, was to the court of the Elector of Saxony at Dresden to seek some mitigation of the harshness with which the Saxon military commander treated Magdeburg.
In 286 AD, Carausius, a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the Classis Britannica, and given the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgic Gaul.
While Widukind was considered the leader of the Saxon resistance by the Franks, his exact role in the military campaigns is unknown.
In the early 670s, Cenwealh of Wessex died, and perhaps as a result of the stress caused by Wulfhere's military activity the West Saxon kingdom fragmented and came to be ruled by underkings, according to Bede.
He was also the chief magistrate and military commander of Transylvania's counties, and this power inevitably drew the Székely and Saxon territories into his sphere of influence however these territories were governed by counts who were nominally independent of the voivode.
He was the son of an officer in the Saxon army who rose to be governor of Königstein and military governor of Dresden.
Each element of the system was meant to remedy defects in the West Saxon military establishment exposed by the Viking invasions.
Each element of the system was meant to remedy defects in the West Saxon military establishment exposed by the Viking invasions.
This campaign expanded the practice of non-Roman Christian rulers undertaking the conversion of their neighbours by armed force ; Frankish Catholic missionaries, along with others from Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England, had entered Saxon lands since the mid-8th century, resulting in increasing conflict with the Saxons, who resisted the missionary efforts and parallel military incursions.
However, these Anglian and southern routes acquired military importance from the 3rd century onwards with the emergence of Saxon seaborne raiding as a major and persistent threat to the security of Britannia.
Another indication of the political and military situation may be the division in the 660s of the West Saxon see at Dorchester ; a new see was established at Winchester, very near to the South Saxon border.
Bede's explanation for the division is that Cenwalh grew tired of the Frankish speech of the bishop at Dorchester, but it is more likely that it was a response to the Mercian advance, which forced West Saxon expansion, such as Cædwalla's military activities, west, south, and east, rather than north.
Cædwalla ’ s military successes may be the reason that at about this time the term " West Saxon " starts to be used in contemporary sources, instead of " Gewisse "; it is from this time that the West Saxons began to rule over other Anglo-Saxon peoples.

Saxon and command
* The center under the command of Otto and of Thiebaud, Duke of Lorraine, and Henry, Duke of Brabant and Count Philip Courtenay-Namur: there are also many of the Saxon soldiers, knights and infantry of Brabant and Germany.
When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866, Albert then Crown Prince ( German: Kronprinz ), took up the command of the Saxon forces opposing the Prussian Army of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia.
During these operations the Crown Prince won the reputation of a thorough soldier ; after peace was made and Saxony had entered the North German Confederation, he gained the command of the Saxon army, which had now become the XII army corps of the North German army, and in this position carried out the necessary re-organisation.
Saxon raiders under the command of a certain Adovacrius ( perhaps, but not surely Odoacer ) reached Angers but Childeric arrived the next day and a battle ensued.
This success, and his former occupation as a pilot, led to his appointment to command the Classis Britannica, a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgica.
General Thielmann then led eight Saxon and two Polish cavalry squadrons against the back of the redoubt, while officers and sergeants of his command actually forced their horses through the redoubt's embrasures, sowing confusion and allowing the French cavalry and infantry to take the position.
To the west, Maréchal Bernadotte, in command of the Saxon IX Corps, was preparing his own assault, planning to attack the Austrians at Deutsch-Wagram from the west.
The command was led by the Count of the Saxon Shore
On 20 September 1894, the 29-year old prince was promoted to Generalmajor and given command of the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Brigade Nr.
On 22 May 1898, he was promoted to Generalleutnant and given command of the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Division Nr.
He commanded this division until 26 August 1902, when he took command of the XII ( 1st Royal Saxon ) Corps.
In the re-organisation of the army which accompanied the march towards Paris, his brother the Crown Prince gained a separate command over the 4th army ( Army of the Meuse ) consisting of the Saxon XII corps, the Prussian Guard corps, and the IV ( Prussian Saxony ) corps and George succeeded him in command of the XII corps.
The king, indeed, found Leopold somewhat difficult to manage, and the prince spent most of the campaigning years up to 1745 in command of an army of observation on the Saxon frontier.
When the king took the field again in 1756, Maurice was in command of one of the columns which hemmed in the Saxon army in the lines of Pirna, and he received the surrender of Rutowski's force after the failure of the Austrian attempts at relief.
In so doing he established a new chain of command, the British part of which was later to pass under the control of a Count of the Saxon Shore.
The others were senior combat commanders of the Prussian Army ( Crown Prince Albert initially commanded the Saxon Army as a corps under a Prussian field army, but later took command of a combined Prussian / Saxon field army ).
The Count of the Saxon Shore for Britain () was the head of the " Saxon Shore " military command of the later Roman Empire.

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