Currently, the word " Bohemians " is sometimes used when speaking about persons from Bohemia of non-Czech or mixed ethnic origin, especially before the year 1918, when the Kingdom of Bohemia ceased to exist ; also when there is need to distinguish between inhabitants of the western part ( Bohemia proper ) of Czechia, and the eastern ( Moravia ) or the north-eastern part ( Silesia ).

Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, which was eventually confirmed, but now is doubted by scholars.

She is the patron saint of Silesia, of Andechs, and of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Görlitz.

Legnica ( former Lignica,,, ) is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa ( left tributy of the Oder ) and Czarna Woda.

In Silesian Voivodeship, the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland is easy to draw, because with few exceptions, it goes along boundaries of local counties.

It is part of Silesia, and the territorial successor of the former German Upper Silesia, which had the same city — then Oppeln — as its capital.

# The Silesian language is spoken in the Upper Silesia region, mainly in the Silesian Voivodeship and Opole Voivodeship in Poland and also in the Moravian – Silesian Region in Czech Republic.

Silesia ( or ; ; ; Silesian German: Schläsing ; ; Silesian: Ślůnsk ; ) is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.

Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources and includes several important industrial areas.

Czech Silesia is now part of the Czech Republic, forming the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern part of the Olomouc Region.

Most of Silesia is relatively flat, although its southern border is generally mountainous.

However to many Poles today, Silesia ( Śląsk ) is understood to cover all of the area around Katowice, including Zagłębie.

Silesia is a resource-rich and populous region.

Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province ( in Polish, województwo śląskie ), is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centering on the historic region known as Upper Silesia ( Górny Śląsk ), with the capital in Katowice.

Contrary to the name, however, eastern half of Silesian Voivodeship is not historical Silesia, but Lesser Poland.

The current administrative unit of Silesian Voivodeship is just a fraction of the historical Silesia which is within the borders of today's Poland ( there are also fragments of Silesia in the Czech Republic and Germany ).

On the other hand, a large part of the current administrative unit of the Silesian Voivodeship is not part of historical Silesia ( e. g., Częstochowa, Zawiercie, Myszków, Jaworzno, Sosnowiec, Żywiec, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Będzin and east part of Bielsko-Biała, which are historically Lesser Poland ).

After the administrative reorganization of the Prussian state following the Congress of Vienna, Liegnitz and the surrounding territory ( Landkreis Liegnitz ) were incorporated into the Regierungsbezirk ( administrative district ) Liegnitz, within the Province of Silesia on 1 May 1816.

In the 10th century Silesia was incorporated into the early Polish state, but it later broke into independent duchies, coming under increasing Czech and German influence.

In the tenth century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporated Silesia into the Polish state.

In 1335, Breslau, together with almost all of Silesia, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia, then a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

After the Third Partition of Poland ( 1795 ) Dąbrowa was incorporated into the Prussian province of New Silesia.

In 1041, Bretislaus, defeated in his second attempted invasion by Emperor Henry III signed a treaty at Regensburg ( 1042 ) in which he renounced his claims to all Polish lands except for Silesia, which was to be incorporated into the Bohemian Kingdom.

Between 1253 and 1260 the town was incorporated according to the German town law called Środa Śląska Law after Środa Śląska in Silesia, a local variation of the Magdeburg Law, and soon started to grow.

The Lusatians in Prussia demanded that their land become a distinct administrative unit, but Lower Lusatia was incorporated into the Province of Brandenburg, while the Upper Lusatian territories were attached to the Province of Silesia instead.

He was a founder of many new towns ( about 30 — not only in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, but also in Austria and Styria ) and incorporated many existing settlements through civic charters, giving them new privileges.

Some smaller territories were incorporated directly into the already existing Gaue East Prussia and Silesia, while the bulk of the land was used to create new Reichsgaue Danzig-West Prussia and Wartheland.

In the northeast, Upper Silesia bordered on remaining Congress Poland, the Russian partition that was incorporated as Vistula Land by 1867.

After three Silesian Uprisings and the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, the East Upper Silesian part of the province around the industrial town of Kattowitz was transferred to the Second Polish Republic and incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship in 1922.

Upon the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line according to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement, most of the Prussian Silesia Province is now within Poland, incorporated into the Lubusz, Lower Silesian, Opole and Silesian Voivodeships.

In 1815 the Lusatian territory around Lauban and Görlitz was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the Vienna Congress and incorporated into the Province of Silesia.

With most of Silesia, it was conquered by Prussia in the First Silesian War of 1740 – 42 and afterwards incorporated into the Silesia Province.

After the third Silesian Uprising of 1921 and the subsequent Upper Silesia plebiscite ( in which 1427 or 82. 1 % of residents in Alt Berun and 292 or 58. 4 % of residents in Neuberun voted for Poland ), Berun was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic and soon thereafter was officially renamed Bieruń.

They eventually ended with Silesia being incorporated into Prussia, and Austrian recognition of this.

On 1 May 1940, Höss was appointed commandant of a prison camp in western Poland, a territory Germany had incorporated into the province of Upper Silesia.

The western half of Lower Silesia was incorporated into Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz ( Legnica ), the adjacent Upper Silesian land in the east into Regierungsbezirk Oppeln ( Opole ).

The voivodeship was dissolved on October 8, 1939 following the German invasion of Poland, and its territory was incorporated into the German Province of Silesia.

Following the German invasion of Poland, the voivodeship was dissolved on October 8, 1939, and its territory was incorporated into the German Province of Upper Silesia.

* Posen-West Prussia ( Created in 1922 from the parts of the provinces Posen and West Prussia that had not been ceded to Poland, the province was dissolved in 1938 with its territory being mainly incorporated into Pomerania, and two exclaves into Brandenburg and Silesia.

The eastern part of Cieszyn Silesia was incorporated into the Polish Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship, while the western part ( including Zaolzie region ) became part of Czechoslovakia.

Now Stalin made it clear that he meant to move Poland's western borders deep into Germany, back to the western Neisse-Oder River lines, taking not only East Prussia and all of Silesia but Pomerania and the tip of Brandenburg, back to and including Stettin.

In addition the archaeological evidence indicates that in the 2nd century BC Celts expanded from Bohemia through the Kłodzko valley into Silesia, now part of Poland.

By the further appropriation of the Duchy of Jägerndorf, George came into possession of all Upper Silesia.

The German colonisation and the chartering of new towns and villages began into largely Slav-inhabited territories east of the Elbe, such as Bohemia, Silesia, Pomerania, and Livonia.

Poland was restored and most of the provinces of Posen and West Prussia, and some areas of Upper Silesia were reincorporated into the reformed country after plebiscites and independence uprisings.

She invited numerous German religious people from the Holy Roman Empire into the Silesian lands, as well as German settlers who founded numerous cities, towns and villages in the course of the Ostsiedlung, while cultivating barren parts of Silesia for agriculture.

The hopes for a re-united Poland were lost and even Silesia fragmented into numerous Piast duchies under Henry's II sons.

The court heard two cases, providing one judgment and one advisory opinion ; a second question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion, and an advisory opinion on the International Labour Organisation, grouped into the International Labour Organisation Questions.

In 1900 alone, the Prussian provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, Posen, Silesia, and Pomerania lost about 1, 600, 000 people to the cities, where these former agricultural workers were absorbed into the rapidly growing factory labor class ; One of the causes of this mass-migration was the decrease in rural income compared to the rates of pay in the cities.

Following the third Silesian Uprising ( 1921 ), however, the easternmost portion of Upper Silesia ( including Katowice ), with a majority ethnic Polish population, was awarded to Poland, where it was formed into the Silesian Voivodeship.

The Prussian Province of Silesia within Germany was then divided into the provinces of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia.

By the 14th century, the influx of settlers into Upper Silesia stopped because of the plague.

Stein was born in Breslau, in the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia, into an observant Jewish family.

As a result of these complications Pius VI was led into a series of half measures which gave little satisfaction to either party: although it is perhaps largely due to him that the Order was able to escape dissolution in White Russia and Silesia ; at only one juncture did he ever seriously consider its universal re-establishment, namely in 1792, as a bulwark against the ideas of the French Revolution ( 1789 ).

The Prussian army had massed quietly along the Oder River during early December, and on 16 December 1740, without declaration of war, it crossed the frontier into Silesia.

On their new territory, the organized Prussians were soon able to go into winter quarters, holding all Silesia and investing the strongholds of Glogau, Brieg and Neisse.