Since the polymer only dissolves very slowly in the chemical part of the etching, it builds up on the sidewalls and protects them from etching.

Since the invention of the first synthetic polymer product, bakelite, synthetic polymer products have frequently been invented.

Since synthetic polymerization techniques typically yield a polymer product including a range of molecular weights, the weight is often expressed statistically to describe the distribution of chain lengths present in the same.

Since it is difficult to visualize all the atoms at once, the ribbon shows the rough path of the protein polymer from its N-terminus ( blue ) to its C-terminus ( red ).

Since the chain conformations of a polymer sample are quasi infinite in number and constantly change over time, the " radius of gyration " discussed in polymer physics must usually be understood as a mean over all polymer molecules of the sample and over time.

* Since PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures ( on the order of tens of atmospheres ).

Since a shape memory polymer resin is used as the matrix, these composites have the ability to be easily manipulated into various configurations when they are heated above their activation temperatures and will exhibit high strength and stiffness at lower temperatures.

Since the flip chip's introduction a number of alternatives to the solder bumps have been introduced, including gold balls or molded studs, electrically conductive polymer and the " plated bump " process that removes an insulating plating by chemical means.

Since addition polymerization has rapidly growing chains and free monomer as its reactants, and condensation polymerization occurs in step-wise fashion between monomers, dimers, and other smaller growing chains, the effect of a polymer molecule's current size on a continuing reaction is profoundly different in these two cases.

Since late 2005, newer bullet designs with polymer tips offering improved ballistics have become available for safe use in tubular magazine rifles.

Since its establishment in 1994, Opticom and its subsidiaries have done research and development within a number of areas, especially the emerging field of polymer electronics.

Since polymer / salt systems demix readily they are easier to use.

Since these compounds tend to be more reactive than compounds that obey their rule, electron counting is an important tool for identifying the reactivity of molecules.

* The atomic mass unit ( u ) is defined so that a single carbon-12 atom has a mass of 12 u ; 1 u is approximately .< ref group =" note "> Since the Avogadro constant N < sub > A </ sub > is defined as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12, it follows that 1 u is exactly 1 /( 10 < sup > 3 </ sup > N < sub > A </ sub >) kg .</ ref > The atomic mass unit is convenient for expressing the masses of atoms and molecules.

Since polymeric molecules are much larger and hence generally have much higher specific volumes than small molecules, the number of molecules involved in a polymeric mixture is far smaller than the number in a small molecule mixture of equal volume.

Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions.

Since many materials can form crystals — such as salts, metals, minerals, semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological molecules — X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific fields.

Since that success, over 73761 X-ray crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules have been determined.

Since the standard unit for expressing the mass of molecules or atoms ( the dalton or atomic mass unit ) is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of a < sup > 12 </ sup > C atom, it follows that the molar mass of a substance, measured in grams per mole, is exactly equal to its mean molecular or atomic mass, measured in daltons ; which is to say, to the substance's mean molecular or atomic weight.

Since the definition of the gram is not () mathematically tied to that of the dalton, the number N < sub > A </ sub > of molecules in a mole ( Avogadro's number ) must be determined experimentally.

Since water molecules attack amide-amide hydrogen bonds and break up secondary structure, a disulfide bond stabilizes secondary structure in its vicinity.

Since pressure is a force applied to a surface area by definition and a force is the product of mass and acceleration according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the pressure inequality will be resolved by having part of the mass in air molecules found in the subglottal cavity move to the supraglottal cavity.

Since that time there have been numerous studies of MCD spectra for a very large variety of samples, including stable molecules in solutions, in isotropic solids, and in the gas phase, as well as unstable molecules entrapped in noble gas matrices.

Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles ( protons and electrons ), their movement results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface.

Since a gas at any particular temperature will have molecules moving at a wide range of velocities, there will almost always be some slow leakage of gas into space.

Since secondary metabolites are often created by modified primary metabolite synthases, or " borrow " substrates of primary metabolite origin, these categories should not be interpreted as saying that all molecules in the category are secondary metabolites ( for example the steroid category ), but rather that there are secondary metabolites in these categories.

Since the very first sequences of the insulin protein was characterised by Fred Sanger in 1951 biologists have been trying to use this knowledge to understand the function of molecules.

Since structural prediction of large molecules at an atomic level is largely intractable problem, some biologists introduced ways to predict 3D structure at a primary sequence level.

Since Cech's and Altman's discovery, other investigators have discovered other examples of self-cleaving RNA or catalytic RNA molecules.

Since at temperature T the molecules have energies given by a Boltzmann distribution, one can expect the number of collisions with energy greater than E < sub > a </ sub > to be proportional to.

Since vibrational energy is generally much greater than the thermal agitation, it is rapidly dispersed into the solvent through solvent molecules ' rotation and translation.

Since we are dealing with proteins, properties such as charge and affinity are not consistent and vary with pH as molecules are protonated and deprotonated, while size stays relatively constant.

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since we can neither undo nor redo the past, we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow.

Since the recognition of Israel as a nation state, claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic.

Since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program, the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps -- one at a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and the second a series of 26 sheets at a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, covering the entire state.

Since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead.

Since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number, these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that not all of them can be fully realized, and to the extent that each is realized, there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

Since the sides are also covered up to the spray rails, they are also rough-sanded in that area.

Since fly cutters are one sided and not balanced, they should be used at the slowest speed available, and fed very slowly to avoid binding.

Since there are almost no schools in the country offering graduate work in interior design this rule cannot at present be observed.

Since charges are relatively the same, reserving a car before you leave for Europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.

Since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man, in addition, by complex symbols, one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex.

Since Af are distinct prime polynomials, the polynomials Af are relatively prime ( Theorem 8, Chapter 4 ).

Since D and D' are both diagonalizable and they commute, they are simultaneously diagonalizable, and Af is diagonalizable.

Since N and N' are both nilpotent and they commute, the operator Af is nilpotent ; ;

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

Since the choice is by lot each week, the outcomes of different trials are independent.

Since two curves of symbol Af on Q intersect in Af points, it follows that there are Af lines of Af which are tangent to Aj.