* Stratospheric ozone: an electronic textbook

Stratospheric aerosols cool the surface and troposphere by reflecting solar radiation, warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation, and when combined with anthropogenic chlorine in the stratosphere, destroy ozone which moderates the effect of lower stratospheric warming.

* Stratospheric ozone response to increasing greenhouse gases

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ) is a joint venture of the U. S. and German aerospace agencies, NASA and the DLR to make an infrared telescope platform that can fly at altitudes high enough to be in the infrared-transparent regime above the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.

“ The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem ”, in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh ( eds.

“ The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone ”, in P. Wexler et al.

* Downie, David ( 2013 ) “ Stratospheric Ozone Depletion .” The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics.

" Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone.

Since 1979 the Stratospheric sounding units ( SSUs ) on the NOAA operational satellites provided near global stratospheric temperature data above the lower stratosphere.

The organisation is mission center for several key current missions ( Kepler Mission, the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) mission, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA )) and a major contributor to the '" new exploration focus '" as a participant in the Orion crew exploration vehicle and Ares I crew launch vehicle projects.

Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE ) program.

* Excelsior III free-fall from a Stratospheric Balloon, Details of the highest parachute jump ever.

The Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy use airplanes to observe in the infrared, which is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere.

He is currently Director of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development and co-chair of the International Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone.

Eureka, which is the second northernmost settlement in the world, consists of three areas, " Eureka Aerodrome " which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station and the Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formally the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone ( AStrO ) Observatory.

" Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations " Review of Geophysics Vol.

* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) for an airborne telescope.

Current observational experiments in the infrared include NICMOS, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Keck Interferometer, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, and the Herschel Space Observatory.

* Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989.

File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud veil type I. jpg | A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze

* Stratospheric Ozone: An Electronic Textbook

The base consists of three areas, the Eureka Aerodrome which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station, and the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory ( AStrO ).

* Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory, Eureka

For example, Lowell staff built a sophisticated high-speed camera for use on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).

As of 2011, the engineers are working on the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera ( HAWC ), which will be an integral part of Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).

* NASA Tech Brief DRC-00-08: Soaring to 100, 000 ft on Stratospheric Mountain Waves

The AMSU was an improvement of the Microwave Sounding Unit ( MSU ), incorporating capabilities of the Stratospheric Sounding Unit ( SSU ), both of which had flown on TIROS-N in 1978 and continued on the NOAA-6 through NOAA-14 satellites.

UARS had ten sensing and measuring devices: Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer ( CLAES ); Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder ( ISAMS ); Microwave Limb Sounder ( MLS ); Halogen Occultation Experiment ( HALOE ); High Resolution Doppler Imager ( HRDI ); Wind Imaging Interferometer ( WlNDII ); Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor ( SUSIM ); Solar / Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment ( SOLSTICE ); Particle Environment Monitor ( PEM ) and Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor ( ACRIM II ).

* MJ Bailey, AO ' Neill, VD Pope, 1993 Stratospheric Analyses Produced by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Journal of Applied Meteorology vol.

Notable examples of bolometers employed in submillimeter astronomy include the Herschel Space Observatory, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).

It has been succeeded by a Boeing 747-based airborne observatory equipped with a larger aperture telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).

In 1976, the U. S. National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) released a report that confirmed the scientific credibility of the ozone depletion hypothesis.

101-549 ) contain provisions for implementing the Montreal Protocol, as well as explicit, separate authority for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate ozone depleting chemicals.

In the U. S., chlorofluorocarbons continued to be used in other applications, such as refrigeration and industrial cleaning, until after the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985.

* Primary scientific data was collected in Punta Arenas, Chile, using a Brewer spectro-photometer, and " These results indicate that during the time when ozone depletion in the Antarctica takes place, an increase in UV-B radiation reaching the Earth surface affected the American continent at latitudes about parallel 50 ° S ."

The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted ozone as being safe ; and it is applied as an anti-microbiological agent for the treatment, storage, and processing of foods.

In 1974, U. S. chemists Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland predicted that common halocarbon refrigerants, the chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ), would accumulate in the upper atmosphere and destroy protective ozone.

This is a serious concern, because ozone is a criteria air pollutant regulated by health-related U. S. federal and state standards.

In a controlled experiment, in many cases, ozone concentrations were well in excess of public and / or industrial safety levels established by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, particularly in poorly ventilated rooms.

As a result, the environmental cost ( the harm done to the ozone layer for example ) of producing a product like steel in China is much greater, than it would be in the U. S.

) He knew just the thing for her -- a treatment from his `` cosmic light ozone generator '' machine.

Yes, the ozone from his machine would cure practically everything, he assured her.

Mrs. Shaefer never got around to joining the thousand or so people who paid Lee some $30,000 for his ozone machines.

A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer ( ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians ), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.

For some elements, allotropes have different molecular formulae which can persist in different phases – for example, two allotropes of oxygen ( dioxygen, O < sub > 2 </ sub > and ozone, O < sub > 3 </ sub >), can both exist in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Reaction with ozone in ozonolysis leads to the breaking of the double bond, yielding two aldehydes or ketones.

The same property allows volatile organobromine compounds, under the action of sunlight, to form free bromine atoms in the atmosphere which are highly effective in ozone depletion.

* Ultraviolet radiation causes changes in plants which help in studying problems like ozone depletion.

In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion.

Catalysis is relevant to many aspects of environmental science, e. g. the catalytic converter in automobiles and the dynamics of the ozone hole.

A notable example is the catalytic role of chlorine free radicals in the breakdown of ozone.

Many significant photochemical reactions, such as ozone formation, occur in the Earth atmosphere and constitute atmospheric chemistry.

* Sewage: antibacterial treatment of general sewage by chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light or other effective treatment before it enters the waterways or underground water supplies helps prevent undiagnosed patients from inadvertently spreading the disease.

* Water purification: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization ( e. g. by solar water disinfection ), or antimicrobial filtration in any area where cholera may be present.

Most electromagnetic waves of higher frequency than visible light ( UV and X-rays ) are blocked by absorption from electronic excitation in ozone and dioxygen ( for UV ), and by ionization of air for energies in the extreme UV and above.

As public awareness and the environmental sciences have improved in recent years, environmental issues have broadened to include key concepts such as " sustainability " and also new emerging concerns such as ozone depletion, global warming, acid rain, land use and biogenetic pollution.

He focused on ozone, cosmic rays, and the ionosphere, all measured using balloons and rockets launched from White Sands, New Mexico, or from ships out at sea.

He designed the first instruments used in satellites to measure cosmic radiation and ozone, and in 1951 or 1952 designed the MOUSE (" Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth "), a proposed satellite that would contain Geiger counters for measuring cosmic rays, photo cells for scanning the Earth, telemetry electronics for sending data back to Earth, a magnetic data storage device, and rudimentary solar energy cells.

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.

In several papers in the 1990s and 2000s he struck up other positions against the mainstream, questioning the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss.