** Surface Loci concerned either loci ( sets of points ) on surfaces or loci which were themselves surfaces.

# a lemma upon the Surface Loci of Euclid which states that the locus of a point such that its distance from a given point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a given straight line is a conic, and is followed by proofs that the conic is a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola according as the constant ratio is equal to, less than or greater than 1 ( the first recorded proofs of the properties, which do not appear in Apollonius ).

Surface forces or contact forces, expressed as force per unit area, can act either on the bounding surface of the body, as a result of mechanical contact with other bodies, or on imaginary internal surfaces that bound portions of the body, as a result of the mechanical interaction between the parts of the body to either side of the surface ( Euler-Cauchy's stress principle ).

Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves ( L waves ) or Rayleigh waves.

Surface feeders in flight include some of the most acrobatic of seabirds, which either snatch morsels from the water ( as do frigate-birds and some terns ), or " walk ", pattering and hovering on the water's surface, as some of the storm-petrels do.

* Surface supplied diving equipment may incorporate rebreather technology either as a gas reclaim system, where the surface supplied breathing gas is returned and scrubbed at the surface, or as a self contained diver bailout system.

Surface supplied diving refers to divers using equipment supplied with breathing gas using a diver's umbilical from the surface, either from the shore or from a diving support vessel sometimes indirectly via a diving bell.

Surface supplied diving equipment is required for a large proportion of the commercial diving operations conducted in many countries, either by direct legislation, or by authorised codes of practice, as in the case of IMCA operations.

Surface mount packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by small-outline integrated circuit — a carrier which occupies an area about 30 – 50 % less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thickness that is 70 % less.

In this sense, all URL officers are considered warfare specialists and are designated as either Surface Warfare Officers, Submarine Warfare Officers, Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers, SEAL / Special Warfare Officers, or Special Operations Officers ( primarily Diver or Explosive Ordnance Disposal Officer / Diver ).

Surface projections of the major organs of the Trunk ( anatomy ) | trunk, using the vertebral column and Human rib cage | rib cage as main reference points of superficial anatomy.

Surface patches can be merged into a single NURBS surface ; at these points are knot lines.

The day's next task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package ( ALSEP ); while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning without explanation.

The NASA Constellation Program announced Altair as the name of the Lunar Surface Access Module ( LSAM ) on December 13, 2007.

The Broadway Surface Railroad's Broadway Line, a cable car line, opened on lower Broadway ( below Times Square ) in 1893, and soon became the core of the Metropolitan Street Railway, with two cable branches: the Broadway and Lexington Avenue Line and Broadway and Columbus Avenue Line.

Surface hoar is a cause of avalanches when it forms on top of snow.

The remnants of this plate on the Surface of the Earth are the Juan de Fuca Plate and Explorer plate in the Northwestern USA / Southwestern Canada, and the Cocos Plate on the west coast of Mexico.

Powers ’ U-2, which departed from a military airbase in Peshawar, Pakistan and may have received support from the US Air Station at Badaber ( Peshawar Airbase ), was shot down by an S-75 Dvina ( SA-2 Surface to Air ) missile on May 1, 1960, over Sverdlovsk.

Surface water drains more easily on the levees ' backslope, and the coarse soils of the levees are easier to cultivate and permit better subsurface drainage.

In early planning for the Apollo Program, it had been assumed that two Saturn V launch vehicles would be used for each lunar mission: one for sending the crew aboard a Lunar Surface Module ( LSM ) to lunar orbit, landing, and returning, and a second for sending an LSM-Truck ( LSM-T ) with all of the equipment, supplies, and transport vehicle for use by the crew while on the surface.

Positional C < sub > 2 </ sub > Deposition on Diamond C ( 110 ) Surface using Si / Ge / Sn-based Dimer Placement Tools.

Surface micromachining uses layers deposited on the surface of a substrate as the structural materials, rather than using the substrate itself.

Surface micromachining was created in the late 1980s to render micromachining of silicon more compatible with planar integrated circuit technology, with the goal of combining MEMS and integrated circuits on the same silicon wafer.

Premelting ( also: Surface melting ) describes the fact that, even below its melting point, quasi-liquid films can be observed on crystalline surfaces.

Surface water temperatures on the Atlantic side reach a summer average of inshore and offshore to winter lows of inshore and offshore.

Surface rust provides no protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces.

Externally, Columbia was the first orbiter in the fleet whose surface was mostly covered with High & Low Temperature Reusable Surface Insulation ( HRSI / LRSI ) tiles as its main thermal protection system ( TPS ), with white silicone rubber-painted Nomex — known as Felt Reusable Surface Insulation ( FRSI ) blankets — in some areas on the wings, fuselage and Payload Bay Doors.

The upgrade also involved replacing many of the white LRSI tiles on the upper surfaces with Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation ( AFRSI ) blankets ( also known as Fibrous Insulation Blankets, or FIB's ) after their successful use on shuttle Discovery and Atlantis.

Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective, and on 4 February 1915, the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles.

Surface markers called SNAREs identify the vesicle's cargo, and complementary SNAREs on the target membrane act to cause fusion of the vesicle and target membrane.

Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act ( 1982 ) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act ( PSIA ) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (" AIR 21 "), and the Sarbanes – Oxley Act, enacted on July 30, 2002 ( for corporate fraud whistleblowers ).

Digital Land Surface Models should not be confused with Digital Surface Models, which can be surfaces of the canopy, buildings and similar objects.

Whitworth popularized a method of producing accurate flat surfaces ( see Surface plate ) during the 1830s, using engineer's blue and scraping techniques on three trial surfaces.

In 1913, Weyl published Die Idee der Riemannschen Fläche ( The Concept of a Riemann Surface ), which gave a unified treatment of Riemann surfaces.

Surface tension of the pleural fluid also leads to close apposition of the lung surfaces with the chest wall.

Surface plasmons are those plasmons that are confined to surfaces and that interact strongly with light resulting in a polariton.

* Surface Area: In reactions on surfaces, which take place for example during heterogeneous catalysis, the rate of reaction increases as the surface area does.

Surface features and polycrystalline surfaces add complexity or change RHEED patterns from those from perfectly flat surfaces.

Surface engineering techniques can be used to develop a wide range of functional properties, including physical, chemical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant properties at the required substrate surfaces.

The Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Instrument ( MAHRSI ) measured hydroxyl and nitric oxide by sensing UV radiation emitted and scattered by the atmosphere, while the Surface Effects Sample Monitor ( SESAM ) was a passive carrier for state-of-the-art optical surfaces to study the impact of the atomic oxygen and the space environment on materials and services.

# REDIRECT Surface # Classification of closed surfaces

# REDIRECT Surface # Classification of closed surfaces

* Surface — all planetary surfaces are treated as flat spheres.

* Surface analysis — in particular analysing the properties of physical surfaces, such as gradient, aspect and visibility, and analysing surface-like data “ fields ”;