In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages ( the other being English ), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.

Like other Austronesian languages, Tetum has two forms of " we ", ami ( equivalent to Indonesian and Malay kami ) which is exclusive, e. g. " I and they ", and ita ( equivalent to Indonesian and Malay kita ), which is inclusive, e. g. " you, I, and they ".

More recent reforms by the INL include the replacement of the digraphs " nh " and " lh " ( borrowed from Portuguese, where they stand for the phonemes and ) by " ñ " and " ll ", respectively ( as in Spanish ), to avoid confusion with the consonant clusters and, which also occur in Tetum.

* The União Democrática Timorense ( Timorese Democratic Union or UDT ), was supported by the traditional elites, initially argued for a continued association with Lisbon, or as they put it in Tetum, mate bandera hum — ' in the shadow of the flag ', but later adopted a ' gradualist ' approach to independence.

In Spanish and some other languages ( Aymara, Quechua, Mapudungún, Guaraní, Basque, Chamorro, Galician, Leonese, Yavapai and Tetum ), whose orthographies have some basis in Spanish, it also represents the palatal nasal.

Some of the names in the regions in which it is consumed are: Vetrilai ( Tamil வ ெ ற ் ற ி ல ை ( vettrilai-வ ெ ற ் ற ( vettr, " variety ") + இல ை ( ilai, “ leaf ”)), Tamalapaku ( Telugu ), Vidyache pan or " Naginiche paan "( Marathi ), veeleyada yele ( Kannada ), Vettila ( Malayalam ), Plū ( Mon ), Malus ( Tetum ), Maluu ( Khmer ), Plū (), Bulath ( Sinhalese ), Malu ( Tokodede ), Bileiy ( Divehi ), bulung samat ( Kapampangan ), daun sirih ( Malaysian ), daun sirih / suruh ( Indonesian ), Papulu ( Chamorro ), Ikmo ( Philippines ), Pu ( ພ ູ) in Lao, and Trầu ( Vietnamese ), Gaweud / Gawed in ( Kalinga ).

Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Assyrian, Auslan, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Cantonese, Chinese ( translation only ), Croatian, Czech, Dari, Dinka, Dutch, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hakka ( interpreter only ), Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish ( Kurmanji ), Kurdish ( Sorani ), Lao, Macedonian, Malay, Maltese, Mandarin, Nepali, Nuer, Oromo, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Pushto, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Serbian, Sinhalese, Slovak, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Tetum ( interpreter only ), Thai, Tigrinya, Tongan, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese.

Portuguese language | Portuguese ( left ) and Tetum ( right ).

Tetum ( left ) and Portuguese ( right ).

As Tetum did not have any official recognition or support under either Portuguese or Indonesian rule, it is only recently that a standardised orthography has been established by the National Institute of Linguistics ( INL ).

It was estimated that Wang Bua Ban commands the support of over 30 MPs ( as of December 2005 ), mostly from the northern region.

For administrative purposes, Vanua Levu is divided into three Provinces: Bua ( in the west ), Macuata ( in the north-east ), and Cakaudrove ( in the south-east ).

Bang Bua Thong has town status ( thesaban mueang ), which covers parts of the tambon Bang Bua Thong, Bang Rak Yai, Phimon Rat and Bang Rak Phatthana.

Neighboring districts are ( from the north clockwise ) Lat Bua Luang ( Ayutthaya Province ) Lat Lum Kaeo ( Pathum Thani Province ), Bang Bua Thong, Bang Yai, and the districts Phutthamonthon and

Boyeldieu ( 1982 ) summarizes his view as " Its classification remains problematic ; while it shows certain lexical, and no doubt morphological, traits with the Bua languages ( Adamawa-13, Niger – Congo family of Joseph H. Greenberg ), it differs from them radically in many ways of which some, a priori, make one think of geographically nearby Chadic languages.

* Bua language ( 7, 708 speakers in 1993 ), north of the Chari River around Korbol and Gabil ( after which the group was named ); mutually comprehensible with Fanian.

Gives the wordlists of Nachtigal, zu Mecklenburg, Barth, and Gaudefroy-Demombynes for Bua (~ 400 words ), Niellim (~ 200 words ), and Koke (~ 100 words ).

( 2009 ), stating that it is not logically possible for the analysis to conclude that the Liang Bua remains represent a separate species and not a pathology because the cladistics analysis assumes that they do not represent a pathology.

Gives the wordlists of Nachtigal, zu Mecklenburg, Barth, and Gaudefroy-Demombynes for Bua (~ 400 words ), Niellim (~ 200 words ), and Koke (~ 100 words ).

Residents of the village of Dama, in Bua Province and Cakaudrove i Vanua ( Province ), Fiji wear finely woven mats called kuta, made from a reed.

Iriga, from a phrase in the language “ I raga ” which means " there is land ", grew from the settlement by the bank of the Bikol River called Bua ( Nabua ), who were looking for higher grounds due to the perennial and disastrous flooding of the town during the rainy season.

Not long afterwards, on 12 August 1949, the Thai people received joyful news that the King had become engaged to Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, the eldest daughter of His Serene Highness Prince ( Mom Chao ) Nakkhatra Mangkala Kitiyakara ( later became His Highness the Prince of Chuntaburi II Suranath ), the Thai ambassador of the Court of St. James's, England, and Mom Luang Bua Sanidvongse.

Indeed, some of the words cognate with Niellim, including some basic vocabulary, is not cognate with closely related Bua, suggesting that these are not Adamawa roots but loans in Niellim from the Laal substrate ( Lionnet 2010 ).

The local Thai names are Bua Phut ( บ ั วผ ุ ด ) and Bua Tum ( บ ั วต ู ม ).

This lasted only until 1867, when the Confederacy was split into two units, the Kingdom of Bau ( ruled by Cakobau ) and the Confederation of Lau ( consisting of the present-day provinces of Cakaudrove, Bua, and Lau ).

kangu " areca nut ": Skt.

An areca nut bunch hanging from the palm

A ripe areca nut.

The areca nut or ত া ম ূ ল is the seed of the areca palm ( Areca catechu ), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that chewing areca nut is carcinogenic to humans.

It made this conclusion after reviewing the published scientific studies related to health effects of chewing areca nut.

The areca nut is not a true nut, but rather a drupe.

At that stage, the areca nut can only be sliced using a special scissors-like cutter ( known as aḍakattera in Telugu, adake kattari in Kannada, bajjeai in Tulu, adakitta in Marathi, giraya in Sinhala, jaanti in Bengali, paakkuvetti in Malayalam and Tamil, sarautaa in Hindi, and sudi in Gujarati ).

The combination of areca nut with betel leaf is called tamul ( ত া ম ূ ল / " ত া ম ো ল ") in Assamese, kavala in Kannada, tambulam in Sanskrit, bajjai in Tulu, and paan in Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, and Urdu.

The effect of chewing betel leaf and areca nut together is relatively mild, and could be compared to drinking a cup of coffee.

The areca nut contains the tannins arecatannin and gallic acid ; a fixed oil gum ; a little terpineol ; lignin ; various saline substances ; and three main alkaloids — arecoline, arecaidine and guvacine — which all have vasoconstricting properties.

Powdered areca nut is used as a constituent in some dentifrices.

Other medicinal uses include the removal of tapeworms and other intestinal parasites by swallowing a few teaspoons of powdered areca nut, drunk as a decoction, or by taking tablets containing the extracted alkaloids.

Slices of the dry areca nut are on the upper left hand and slices of the tender areca nut on the upper right.

Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf is a tradition, custom or ritual which dates back thousands of years in much of the geographical areas from South Asia eastward to the Pacific.

It is not known how or when the areca nut and the betel leaf were first combined into one psychoactive drug.

In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in Vietnamese the phrase " matters of betel and areca " ( chuyện trầu cau ) is synonymous with marriage.

The folk tale explaining the origin of this Vietnamese tradition is a good illustration of the belief that the combination of areca nut and the betel leaf is ideal to the point they are practically inseparable, like an idealized married couple.

In the Indian subcontinent, the chewing of betel and areca nut dates back to the pre-Vedic period Harappan empire.