According to Josephus, the Essenes had settled " not in one city " but " in large numbers in every town ".

According to a Jewish legend, one of the Essenes, named Menachem, had passed at least some of his mystical knowledge to the Talmudic mystic Nehunya ben HaKanah, to whom the Kabbalistic tradition attributes Sefer HaBahir and, by some opinions, Sefer HaKanah, Sefer HaPeliah and Sefer HaTemunah.

According to the Order of the Nazoreans Essenes, there are seven types of modern essenes: the Nazorean Essenes of the Order of O: N: E :, the Dead Sea Scroll Essenes, the Scholar Essenes, the New Age Essenes, the Szekely Essenes, the Rastafari Essenes and the Hippy Essenes.

The Essenes According to the Classical Sources.

According to Josephus, whereas the Sadducees believed that people have total free will and the Essenes believed that all of a person's life is predestined, the Pharisees believed that people have free will but that God also has foreknowledge of human destiny.

According to Epiphanius, and Josephus, Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the Essenes that came from a place in Galilee named Nazareth ; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as Nazareans, they are not to be confused with the " Nazarene " sect, which followed the teachings of Jesus, but associated with the Pharisees.

According to the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, the three parties in contemporary Judaism were the Pharisees and Sadducees and Essenes, the last of these three being apparently marginalized and in some cases retired to quasi-monastic communities.

According to Pliny this region was home to the Essenes it was also home to Qumran where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

If it is correct to identify the community at Qumran with the Essenes ( and that the community at Qumran are the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls ), then according to the Dead Sea Scrolls the Essenes ' community school was called " Yahad " ( meaning " community ") in order to differentiate themselves from the rest of the Jews who are repeatedly labeled " The Breakers of the Covenant ".

The Saint Thomas Christians (" Nasrani ") of southwestern India may have connections with the Essenes, according to the Manimekalai, one of the great Tamil epic poems, which refers to a people called " Issani ".

The Hasmonean dynasty of priest-kings ruled Judea with the Pharisees, Saducees and Essenes as the principal social movements.

Some scholars maintain that he was influenced by the Essenes, who were semi-ascetic, expected an apocalypse, and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism, although there is no direct evidence to substantiate this.

The first surviving historical mention of the Pharisees is from the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus ( 37 – 100 CE ), in a description of the " four schools of thought ," or " four sects ," into which the Jews were divided in the 1st century CE ; the other schools were the Essenes, who were generally apolitical and who may have emerged as a sect of dissident priests who rejected either the Seleucid-appointed or the Hasmonean high priests as illegitimate ; the Sadducees, who were the main antagonists of the Pharisees ; and the " fourth philosophy " possibly associated with the anti-Roman revolutionary groups such as the Sicarii and the Zealots.

The scrolls are traditionally identified with the ancient Jewish sect called the Essenes, though some recent interpretations have challenged this association and argue that the scrolls were penned by priests in Jerusalem, Zadokites, or other unknown Jewish groups.

Many scholars believe the location to have been home to a Jewish sect, the Essenes being the preferred choice ; others have proposed non-sectarian interpretations, some of these starting with the notion that it was a Hasmonean fort which was later transformed into a villa for a wealthy family or a production center, perhaps a pottery factory or similar.

Milik some years earlier provided an estimate of between 150 and 200 as the average population, working on the comparison with the population of the monastery of Mar Saba, which numbered 150 monks in the 9th century and from Josephus ' figure of 3, 000 Essenes calculating that " at least five per cent lived the strict monastic life ".

Paul Wendland, Ohle, Emil Schürer, Massebieau, and Krell consider it genuine, with the exception of the partly interpolated passages on the Essenes.

The first such issue ( December 2006 ) dealt with Atlantis, while the 2007 volumes covered Ancient Egypt and The Essenes.

Philo also taught the need to bring together the contemplative focus of the Stoics and Essenes with the active lives of virtue and community worship found in Platonism and the Therapeutae.

Jesus also directly associated with John the Baptist, who is often associated with the Essenes.

Nathan's travels lead him to Rome to fight as a retiarius, and on his return to Palestine to become involved with the Apostles, the Zealots and the Essenes.

In Antiquities of the Jews Josephus states that Judas, along with Zadok the Pharisee founded the " fourth sect ", of 1st century Judaism ( the first three are the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes ).

This etc., the establishment of which, in consequence of a confusion in the text of Shahrastani, has been wrongfully attributed to Benjamin, is identified with the Essenes by Abraham Harkavy, who shows that they were called " The Men of the Caves ," because they lived in the desert.

On Some Points Connected with the Essenes: II.

Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees ( the other two major sects at the time ), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including ( for some groups ) celibacy.

One theory on the formation of the Essenes suggested the movement was founded by a Jewish high priest, dubbed by the Essenes the Teacher of Righteousness, whose office had been usurped by Jonathan ( of priestly but not Zadokite lineage ), labeled the " man of lies " or " false priest ".

Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees ( the other two major sects at the time ), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including ( for some groups ) marriage.

While under the emperor's patronage, Josephus wrote that after the Roman Legio X Fretensis, accompanied by Vespasian, destroyed Jericho on 21 June 68, Vespasian took a group of Jews who could not swim ( possibly Essenes from Qumran ), fettered them, and threw them into the Dead Sea to test the sea's legendary buoyancy.

), whose favour towards the Essenes was noted by Josephus ( Antiquities 15. 10. 5 ).

Many of these publications were from: The Essenes of Kosmon, Montrose, Colorado ; Kosmon Press, London ; Palmer Publications, Amherst, Wisconsin ; Universal Faithists of Kosmon, Salt Lake City, Utah ; Kosmon Publishing Inc., Kingman, Arizona ; The Eloists, Massachusetts ; Four Winds Village, Tiger, Georgia.

According to Kapila Vatsyayan, " Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature ( kāvya ), music, and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media, but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol and the spiritual states were worked out in detail.

* Meier, Bernhard, The Modes of Classical Vocal Polyphony, Described According to the Sources.

According to the canon of the Classical Greek Sculptor Polykleitos in the 4th century BC, it is one of the most important characteristics of his figurative works and those of his successors, Lysippos, Skopas, etc.

According to some, quantum mechanics is more strongly ordered than Classical Mechanics, because while Classical Mechanics is chaotic, quantum mechanics is not.

According to Byzantine historian Kathryn Ringrose, while the pagans of Classical Antiquity based their notions of gender in general and eunuchs in particular on physiology ( the genitalia ), the Byzantine Christians based them on behaviour and more specifically procreation.

Lamprière's Classical Dictionary states " According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara and Alecto " and " Megaera ... daughter of Nox and Acheron ".

According to all the members of the Club, Arbuthnot was the one who contributed the most in ideas, and he was the only source they could draw upon when satirizing the sciences, and his was the idea for the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, a pedantic man who, like Arbuthnot's earlier opponent, Dr. Woodward, would read three or four lines of Classical literature and deduce a universal ( and absurd ) truth from them.

According to one of Marshall Berman's books ( Berman 1982, 16 – 17 ), modernity is periodized into three conventional phases ( dubbed " Early ," " Classical ," and " Late ," respectively, by Peter Osborne ( 1992, 25 ):

According to Classical rabbinical literature, Judah was born on the 15th of Sivan ; classical sources differ on the date of death, with the Book of Jubilees advocating a death at age 119, 18 years before Levi, but the midrashic Book of Jasher advocating a death at the age of 129.

According to the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, he was probably active in the first half of the 4th century, although some scholars of the 19th and early 20th centuries thought he might have lived later in the 4th or even in the 5th century.

According to Merriam-Webster's, " vernacular " was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from Latin vernaculus, " native ", which had been in figurative use in Classical Latin as " national " and " domestic ", having originally been derived from vernus and verna, a male or female slave respectively born in the house rather than abroad.

According to Grunebaum in Classical Islam, the Arabic name of Manat is the linguistic counterpart of the Hellenistic Tyche, Dahr, fateful ' Time ' who snatches men away and robs their existence of purpose and value.

According to Bandura, there are two categories of motives-positive reinforcements, Promised reinforcements and Vicarious reinforcements and negative punishment, Promised punishment and vicarious punishment both of which are based on traditional behaviorism such as BF Skinner ’ s Operant Conditioning and Pavlov ’ s Classical Conditioning.

According to the laws of Maine relating to normal school graduates, Mr. Ingraham then began teaching in the public schools, and at the same time pursued a classical course of study through the Waterville Classical Institute, which he followed for three years until his eyes failed and he had to end his studies.

According to Edicts of Ashoka, Greek populations ( generally described in ancient times throughout the Classical world as Yona, Yojanas or Yavanas, lit.

According to Grossman ( 2001 ), these techniques were meant to break down barriers to embrace a new set of norms and way of life ( brutalization ), condition them to pair killing with something more enjoyable and pleasurable ( Classical Conditioning ), repeat the stimulus-response reaction to develop a reflex ( Operant Conditioning ), and finally the use of a role model of a superior to provide action by example.

According to Mohan Nadkarni's book " Great Masters: Profiles in Hindustani Classical Vocal Music ", Bade Ghulam Ali Khan's music was extroverted and exuberant, whereas Amir Khan's was an introverted, dignified ' darbar ' style.

According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary, the remainder of his surviving writings, although praised by his contemporaries, is of primary interest for the incidental light they cast on the social history of Asia Minor in the second century AD.

According to Kapila Vatsyayan, " Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature ( kaavya ), music and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media, but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol and the spiritual states were worked out in detail.

According to Wyn Jones, the repertoire of church music " constituted a continually unfolding tradition that is poorly served by the familiar division of the century into Baroque and Classical.

According to Classical era sources, the Celts worshiped the forces of nature and did not envisage deities in anthropomorphic terms, as other " pagan " peoples such as the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians did.

According to anonymous Cosmographer of Ravenna ( 6th or 7th century ), Liburnia Tarsatica considered all coastal cities from Albona ( Labin ) to Elona ( Aenona, Nin ) of Classical Liburnia and Iapodian settlements in the inland ( Lika ).