* year, month, and day – most systems, including the Gregorian calendar ( and its very similar predecessor, the Julian calendar ), the Islamic calendar, and the Hebrew calendar

* A lunar calendar is synchronized to the motion of the Moon ( lunar phases ); an example is the Islamic calendar.

An example is the Islamic calendar.

An astronomical calendar is based on ongoing observation ; examples are the religious Islamic calendar and the old religious Jewish calendar in the time of the Second Temple.

The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.

It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals.

In 1258, when both North China and the Islamic world were part of the Mongol Empire, Hulagu Khan established an observatory in Maragheh for the astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi at which a few Chinese astronomers were present, resulting in the Chinese-Uighur calendar that al-Tusi describes in his Zij-i Ilkhani.

The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.

It is used to date events in many Muslim countries ( concurrently with the Gregorian calendar ), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper days on which to observe the annual fast ( see Ramadan ), to attend Hajj, and to celebrate other Islamic holidays and festivals.

The tabular Islamic calendar usually has 12 lunar months that alternate between 30 and 29 days every year, but an intercalary day is added to the last month of the year 11 times within a 30-year cycle.

* Islamic calendar

# REDIRECT Islamic calendar

* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.

A Lebanese Moslem told about its existence and application in the Islamic tradition as the `` divine law '', while a C.A.I.P. member who has been working in close association with delegates of the new U.N. nations told of its widespread recognition on the African continent.

Arabic literature spans for over two millennium, it has three phases, the pre-Islamic, Islamic and modern.

Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, kidnappings, assassinations and extortion in what they describe as their fight for an independent Islamic province in the Philippines.

The nature of " being " has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Islamic and Arab world.

Rabbani was also the leader of Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan ( Islamic Society of Afghanistan ), which has close ties to Pakistan's Jamaat-e-Islami.

He has been quoted as stating that Comoros is not ready to become an Islamic state, nor shall the veil be forced upon any women in the Comoros.

Nicknamed " The City of a Thousand Minarets " for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life.

Change of Islamic law is not possible, but were there a concubine in the modern era, she must be given all her due rights that Islam has preserved in the past.

A passage in Muhtasar kitab al-buldan illustrates the division of Islamic society into strata: " First are the rulers, whom their deserts has placed in the foremost rank ; second are the viziers, distinguished by wisdom and understanding ; third are the wealthy upper classes, lifted by their possessions ; fourth are the middle classes who are attached to the upper three by culture ( ta ' addub ); the remainder are the lowest classes that are filthy refuse, a torrent of scum, none of whom thinks of anything but food and sleep.

In Islamic North Africa, caste system has existed in recent centuries amongst the Tuareg people.

Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmark palace.

* Although the Government of Ethiopia has allied with local clans in opposition to the Transitional National Government in the past, it currently is supporting the Transitional Government against its main rival, the Islamic Courts Union.

In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular.

In nations where Islamic law is the basis of civil law, but has not been codified, as is the case of some Arab countries in the Middle East, fatwā by the national religious leadership are debated prior to being issued.

In the majority of Arab countries, however, Islamic law has been codified in each country according to its own rules, and is interpreted by the judicial system according to the national jurisprudence.

The closest such organism is the Islamic Fiqh Academy, ( a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC )), which has 57 member states.

America has done this for decades without suffering the consequences of any punishment or protests about their oppressive and prejudiced position from the Islamic world.

In 2005, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has issued the fatwā that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: the United States, Japan, Germany, Turkey, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

Islamic fundamentalism has appeared in many counties ; the Wahhabi version is promoted worldwide and financed by Saudi Arabia.

For instance, the Archbishop of Wales has criticized " atheistic fundamentalism " broadly and said " Any kind of fundamentalism, be it Biblical, atheistic or Islamic, is dangerous ".

In the United States, private or cultural intolerance of women wearing the hijab ( Islamic headcovering ) and political activism by Muslims also has been labeled " secular fundamentalism " by some Muslims in the U. S.

This work clearly contradicts the New Testament biblical accounts of Jesus and his ministry but has strong parallels with the Islamic faith, not only mentioning Muhammad by name, but including the shahadah ( chapter 39 ).

The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent: North Africa, with its Islamic culture and economic orientation toward the Mediterranean Basin ; West Africa, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies ; Northeast Africa, oriented toward the Nile Valley and Red Sea region ; and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted Christianity, and whose economies were part of the great Congo River system.

The Berbers went on to shape Islam in their own image – some ( like the Banu Ifran ) retained their connection with radical puritan Islamic sects, others ( like the Berghwata ) constructed a new syncretic faith which was simply folk religion thinly disguised as Islam.

Most of the African population of these towns were termed originaires: those Africans born into the commune, but who retained recourse to African and / or Islamic law ( the so called " personal status ").

* The Taliban state ( the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan ) in Afghanistan became the de facto government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the Afghan Northern Alliance was still recognised by many nations and retained the UN seat.

Islamic rulers controlled at various points parts of Southern Italy and most of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as the Balkans, all of which retained large Christian populations.

The region is so called " Kafiristan " as the surrounding populations were converted to Islam, the people in this region retained themselves, thus known as " Kafirs ". The Arabic word " Kufr " means not only to disbelieve, but also to blaspheme, and therefore, its derivative " Kafir " means one who commits blasphemy against Allah in the Islamic tradition.

Later Islamic states generally retained this office, while granting to its holder the authority to issue appointments and dismissals in his own name.

The legal code is now based on Shi ' a Islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system.

More specifically, in Islamic thought, they are the people who, during the period known as the Age of Ignorance, were seen to have rejected idolatry and retained some or all of the tenets of the religion of Ibrahim which was " submission to God " ( Arabic: Allah ) in its purest form.

The city of Kong retained the prestige of an Islamic commercial center, but it was no longer the seat of an important political power.

Though Jadid schools, especially in Central Asia, retained a religious focus, they taught " Islamic history and methods of thought " rather than just memorization.

While many Javanese have retained aspects of their indigenous and Hindu traditions through the centuries of Islamic influence, under the banner of ' Javanist religion ' ( kejawen ) or a non-orthodox ' Javanese Islam ' ( abangan, cf.

However, they retained many of their traditions and the Islamic faith.

This important economic role is perhaps one reason why these jewels, undeniable symbols of Iran's monarchic past, have been retained by the current Islamic Republic.

The Islamic conquests of Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch in the 7th century left Constantinople the only practical authority in the East, and afterward the concept of a " pentarchy " retained little more than symbolic significance.

In 1995 the Islamic State of Aghanistan government also with Jamiat forces retained control of Kabul, pushing back a coalition of Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, the Hizb-i-Wahdat and Abdul Rashid Dostum's Jumbish-i-Milli Islami.