The most ancient mathematical texts available are Plimpton 322 ( Babylonian mathematics c. 1900 BC ), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 2000-1800 BC ) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 1890 BC ).

* c. 1650 BC — The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is produced.

The Egyptian Rhind papyrus of 1800BC gives the area of a circle as ( 64 / 81 ) < sup > 2 </ sup >, where is the diameter of the circle, and pi approximated to 256 / 81, a number that appears in the older Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, and used for volume approximations ( i. e. hekat ( volume unit )).

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is thought to have been originally composed during Amenemhat's time.

* 1650 BC – Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: An Ancient Egyptian Text.

: Translation and interpretation of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus includes a problem that can be translated as:

# REDIRECT Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

# REDIRECT Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

After the Sumerians some of the most famous ancient works on mathematics come from Egypt in the form of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus.

A later text, the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, introduced improved ways of writing Egyptian fractions.

A portion of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics that dates to approximately 1650 BC ; he is the earliest contributor to mathematics whose name is known.

* Dr. August Eisenlohr publishes the first translation and study of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

c. mid-17th century BC ), an ancient Egyptian scribe who lived during the Second Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics

In Ancient Egyptian most fractions were written as the sum of two or more unit fractions ( a fraction with 1 as the numerator ), with scribes possessing tables of answers ( see Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2 / n table ).

The ro unit, 1 / 320 of a hekat, is cited in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and applied in the medical texts, i. e. Ebers Papyrus in two ways.

# REDIRECT Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus which dates to the Second Intermediate Period ( ca 1650 BC ) is said to be based on an older mathematical text from the 12th dynasty.

The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Rhind Mathematical Papyrus are so-called mathematical problem texts.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and some of the other texts contain tables.

These documents provide important information on ancient writings ; they give us the only extant copy of Menander, the Egyptian Book of the Dead, Egyptian treatises on medicine ( the Ebers Papyrus ) and on surgery ( the Edwin Smith papyrus ), Egyptian mathematical treatises ( the Rhind papyrus ), and Egyptian folk tales ( the Westcar papyrus ).

The more famous Rhind Papyrus has been dated to approximately 1650 BCE but it is thought to be a copy of an even older scroll.

The Rhind papyrus was written by Ahmes and dates from the Second Intermediate Period ; it includes a table of Egyptian fraction expansions for rational numbers 2 / n, as well as 84 word problems.

After World War 1, to honour the 54 soldiers from the area that were killed, the famous New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind was commissioned to make the Nova Scotia Highlander soldier cenotaph.

This moment is commemorated by a statue by Glaswegian sculptor Birnie Rhind on Montefiore Hill ( moved from its original Victoria Square position in 1938 ), pointing at the City of Adelaide below.

* In Luxor, Egypt, the Rhind papyrus is found ( named for Alexander Henry Rhind, the discoverer ); it is sometimes called the Ahmes papyrus for the scribe who wrote it around 1650 BC.

Posthumous bust of John Hay ( 1915-17 ), by J. Massey Rhind, inside the National McKinley Birthplace Memorial.

* J. Massey Rhind ( 1860-1936 ), sculptor.

The Rhind lectures began in 1874 after the death of Alexander Rhind who left the residue of his estate to endow a lectureship in the Society and there have now been over 130 lectures and many have become the published textbook for a generation.

Problem 57 of the Rhind papyrus, a thousand years earlier, defines the seqt or seked as the ratio of the run to the rise of a slope, i. e. the reciprocal of gradients as measured today.

2 / n tables similar to the one on the Rhind papyrus also appear on some of the other texts.

The longest measured length listed in the Rhind papyrus is a circumference of about a Roman mile with a diameter of 9 khet.

Goodchild, and D. W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449-460.

Designed by David Rhind in 1838, the monument features a large column topped by a statue of Scott.

The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology ( expanded ) delivered in 1916.

The ambitious sculptural program designed by J. Massey Rhind includes the pediment groups, Canon Law, Roman Law, Statutory Law, Civil Law and Criminal Law.

Maryhill also boasts one of Glasgow's original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed by the Inverness architect James Robert Rhind.

Problem 14 in the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus gives the only ancient example finding the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, describing the correct formula:

For a real example of the unary system in ancient mathematics, see the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, dating from circa 1800 BC.

The only genuinely ancient items-Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Story of Wenamun-had been contributed by Vladimir Golenishchev three years earlier.

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* 1800 BC – Moscow Mathematical Papyrus

Five early texts in which Egyptian fractions appear were the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, the Reisner Papyrus, the Kahun Papyrus and the Akhmim Wooden Tablet.