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Roman and encyclopaedist
A fermented fish sauce called garum was a staple of Greco-Roman cuisine and of the Mediterranean economy of the Roman Empire, as the first-century encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder writes in Historia Naturalis and the fourth / fifth-century connoisseur Apicius relates in his collection of recipes.
The Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus.
During the Roman Empire ( 27 BC – AD 476 ) the encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus ( ca.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus ( ca 25 BC — ca 50 ) was a Roman encyclopaedist, known for his extant medical work, De Medicina, which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia.

Roman and Pliny
The Roman geographer Pliny the Elder ( ca.
Composting as a recognized practice dates to at least the early Roman Empire since Pliny the Elder ( AD 23-79 ).
Even in Roman times, hundreds of votive statues remained, described by Pliny the Younger and seen by Pausanias.
Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.
After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
Other influential 2nd century authors include Juvenal and Pliny the Younger, the latter of whom was a friend of Tacitus and in 100 delivered his famous Panygericus Traiani before Trajan and the Roman Senate, exalting the new era of restored freedom while condemning Domitian as a tyrant.
One of the earliest encyclopedic works to have survived to modern times is the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD.
Although his work has been criticized for the lack of candor in checking the " facts ", some of his text has been confirmed by recent research, like the spectacular remains of Roman gold mines in Spain, especially at Las Medulas, which Pliny probably saw in operation while a Procurator there a few years before he compiled the encyclopedia.
Also often advanced as a possible context for 1 Peter is the trials and executions of Christians in the Roman province of Bithynia-Pontus under Pliny the Younger.
In the Roman period, Pliny the Elder wrote in detail of the many minerals and metals then in practical use, and correctly noted the origin of amber.
Pliny the Elder gives vivid examples of the popularity of gladiator portraiture in Antium and an artistic treat laid on by an adoptive aristocrat for the solidly plebeian citizens of the Roman Aventine:
The letters of Pliny the Younger described Roman life of the period.
Pliny's description of the exposed portion of the tomb is intractable ; Pliny, it seems clear, had not observed this structure himself, but is quoting the historian and Roman antiquarian Varro.
Pliny the Elder, an imperial Roman polymath, states that the games at Lykaion were the first to introduce gymnastic competition.
Ancient Romans, such as Pliny the Elder ( Natural History, 3. 5 ) and Varro ( cited by Pliny ), speculated that the name Lusitania was of Roman origin, as when Pliny says lusum enim liberi patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse lusitaniae et pana praefectum eius universae: that Lusitania takes its name from the lusus associated with Bacchus and the lyssa of his Bacchantes, and that Pan is its governor.
Metal-coated glass mirrors are said to have been invented in Sidon ( modern-day Lebanon ) in the first century AD, and glass mirrors backed with gold leaf are mentioned by the Roman author Pliny in his Natural History, written in about 77 AD.
According to Pliny the Elder a vine, a fig and an olive tree grew in the middle of the Roman Forum, the latter was planted to provide shade ( the garden plot was recreated in the 20th century ).
Pliny gives the circuitus reported by Pytheas as 4875 Roman miles.
In 43 and 77 AD the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder referred to the seven islands they call Haemodae and Acmodae respectively, both of which are assumed to be Shetland.
Stalactites are first mentioned ( though not by name ) by the Roman natural historian Pliny in a text which also mentions stalagmites and columns and refers to their creation by the dripping of water.
The Roman fleet based at Misenum, commanded by Pliny the Elder, evacuates refugees but he dies after inhaling volcanic fumes.
* August 25 – Pliny the Elder, Roman writer and scientist ( killed by Vesuvius eruption )

Roman and Elder
The temple of Antoninus and Faustina the Elder | Faustina in the Roman forum ( now the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda ).
The family of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder also represents one of the few periods in ancient Roman history where the position of Emperor passed smoothly from father to son.
Vipsania Agrippina or most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder ( Major Latin for the elder, Classical Latin:, 14 BC – 17 October 33 ) was a distinguished and prominent Roman woman of the first century AD.
Agrippina was born as the second daughter and fourth child to Roman statesman and Augustus ’ ally Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder.
Roman marble Bust of Artemis after Cephisodotus the Elder | Kephisodotos ( Musei Capitolini ), Rome.
In addition to being the source of the Roman alphabet, it has been suggested that it passed northward into Venetia and from there through Raetia into the Germanic lands, where it became the Elder Futhark alphabet, the oldest form of the runes.
The Annales was an epic poem in fifteen books, later expanded to eighteen, covering Roman history from the fall of Troy in 1184 BC down to the censorship of Cato the Elder in 184 BC.
Edith of England () ( 910 – 26 January 946 ), also spelt Eadgyth or Ædgyth, was the daughter of Edward the Elder, and the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 39 BC – Julia the Elder, the only child the Roman Emperor Augustus ( d. AD 14 )
Along with Cato the Elder ( 234-149 BC ), he can be considered one of the founding fathers of Roman historiography.
* a designation for Cato the Elder ( 234 BC – 149 BC ), a Roman statesman
* Seneca the Elder ( 54 BC – 39 AD ), Roman orator and writer, father of the above
* Julia the Elder, daughter of Roman Emperor Augustus

Roman and Natural
* 293 BC: first Roman Sundial ( 79ce ): Natural History 7. 213.
* Pliny the Elder ( 23 – 79 CE ), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist and historian, author of Naturalis Historia, " Pliny's Natural History "
Its cultivation spread into the Mediterranean world by way of Iran from Syria: Pliny in his Natural History asserts that pistacia, " well known among us ," was one of the trees unique to Syria, and in another place, that the nut was introduced into Italy by the Roman consul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder ( consul in Syria in 35 AD ) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius.
Nice also has numerous museums of all kinds: Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse ( arenas of Cimiez containing Roman ruins ), Musée des Beaux-Arts Jules Chéret, Musée international d ' Art naïf Anatole Jakovsky, Musée Terra-Amata, Museum of Asian Art, Musée d ' art moderne et d ' art contemporain which devotes much space to the well-known École of Nice ”), Museum of Natural History, Musée Masséna, Naval Museum and Galerie des Ponchettes.
Among very few representations of Protesilaus, a sculpture by Deinomenes is just a passing mention in Pliny's Natural History ; the outstanding surviving examples are two Roman copies of a lost mid-fifth century Greek bronze original represent Protesilaus at his defining moment, one of them in a torso the British Museum, the other at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
* The Natural Baths, by Henry Currey, sit on the site of the original Roman baths.
He was the first Roman to cross the Atlas Mountains, and Pliny the Elder quotes his description of the area in his Natural History.
In 1867 the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society excavated the east side of the hill to see if traces of the Roman Road were underneath it.
The requirements for admission were changed for all faculties in 1767 ( before that time only Roman Catholics were allowed to study ) and Natural Sciences were added as well as Public Administration.
Pliny's Natural History affirmed that the " Imperial Porphyry " had been discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in AD 18, by a Roman legionary named Caius Cominius Leugas.
Pliny's Natural History and the epigram writer Martial both credit Cnaeus Matius Calvinus, in the circle of Julius Caesar, with introducing the first topiary to Roman gardens, and Pliny the Younger describes in a letter the elaborate figures of animals, inscriptions, cyphers and obelisks in clipped greens at his Tuscan villa ( Epistle vi, to Apollinaris ).
Some of Joey's other jobs have included selling Christmas trees, dressing as Santa Claus and as a Christmas elf, working as a tour guide at the Museum of Natural History where Ross worked, offering perfume samples to customers at a department store, and as a Roman warrior at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas.
The practice of encyclopedism dates back to the days of the Roman Empire, with Pliny the Elder's Natural History having been one of the earliest extant encyclopedias to survive antiquity.
In 1685 he published a version of Pliny the Elder's Natural History in which he claimed that most Greek and Roman texts had been forged by Benedictine monks.
Pliny, in his work Natural History, applies a stricter usage of the term Illyrii, when speaking of Illyrii proprie dicti (" Illyrians properly so-called ") among the native communities in the south of Roman Dalmatia.
The Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History's discussion of sea water, that " n Rome ... the soldier's pay was originally salt and the word salary derives from it ..."
Its claim is based on a reference by Pliny the Elder, the Roman writer, in his Natural History ( Historia Naturalis ) in AD 77.
Alternatively, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History's discussion of sea water, that " n Rome.
Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and soon became a professor of the Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan.
* The Course of the Hamworthy-Badbury Roman Road, HP Smith, MBE, BA, FCP, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol 65, 1943
The novel takes as its motto two parallel quotes, from Tom Wolfe's " Hooking Up " and from the " Natural History " of Pliny the Elder ( who, as noted, is a central character in the book itself ), with both writers speaking in nearly identical terms of the preeminence of, respectively, the present United States and the Roman Empire, over the rest of the world.

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