* 479 BC – Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea.

* Many of Athens ' former allies are now ruled by boards of ten ( decarchy ), often reinforced with garrisons under a Spartan commander ( Harmost ).

* 408 Alcibiades reenters Athens in triumph, Lysander, a Spartan commander, builds fleet at Ephesus

Nonetheless, Lysander was effectively the commander of the Spartan fleet.

Many of Athens ' former allies were now ruled by boards of ten ( decarchy ), often reinforced with garrisons under a Spartan commander ( harmost ).

* With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to free the Greek cities on Cyprus and capture Byzantium from the Persians and their Phoenician allies.

* After suffering a defeat in which the Athenian commander Lamachus is killed, Demosthenes suggests that they immediately give up the siege of Syracuse and return to Athens, where they are needed to defend against a Spartan invasion of Attica.

After some initial success, the Athenian troops become disorganised in the chaotic night operation and are thoroughly routed by Gylippus, the Spartan commander.

* Pausanias, Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars

* Antalcidas, commander of the Spartan navy, actively assists Persia against Athens.

* With the support of the Persian King Artaxerxes II, King Agesilaus II of Sparta concludes " the King's Peace " ( or the Peace of Antalcidas, after the Spartan envoy and commander ) with Greek allied forces in a manner favourable to Sparta.

Antalcidas, the commander of a Spartan fleet, was summoned to Susa, along with the satrap, Tiribazus.

On the way there, in 383 the Spartan commander Phoebidas, invited by a pro-Spartan faction, seized the Theban Kadmeia ( the Theban acropolis ) and left a Laconophile oligarchy supported by a Spartan garrison ; even the pro-Spartan Xenophon could only attribute the act to madness.

In 382 BC, however, the Spartan commander Phoebidas committed an act that would ultimately turn Thebes against Sparta for good and pave the way for Epaminondas's rise to power.

) One of Agesilaus ’ biggest supporters was the famous Spartan naval commander Lysander, who was previously Agesilaus ’ erastē, or mentor.

In 405 BC, following the severe Spartan defeat at the Battle of Arginusae, Lysander, the commander who had been responsible for the first Spartan naval successes, was reinstated in command.

Since the Spartan constitution prohibited any commander from holding the office of navarch more than once, he was appointed as a vice-admiral instead, with the clear understanding that this was a mere legal fiction.

In the new structure of the Spartan Army introduced sometime in the Peloponnesian War, a polemarchos was the commander of a mora of 576 men, one of six in the Spartan army on campaign.

After Laches the Athenian commander was killed, the battle turned into a rout of the Athenian and allied armies, a result attributed to greater Spartan courage.

It was during the famous stand-off between the Athenian mercenary commander ( and later strategos ) Chabrias ( d. 357 BC ) and the Spartan King Agesilaus II ( 444 BC – 360 BC ).

Nonetheless, at the death of Phoebidas, the Spartans sent a new mora ( μόρα, the largest tactical unit in ancient Spartan armies ) under a polemarchos ( πολέμαρχος, the commander of a mora ) by sea to replace the losses in the Thespian garrison.

The Spartan king Agesilaus II argues against punishing Phoebidas, on the grounds that his actions had benefited Sparta, and this was the only standard against which he ought to be judged.

He left the Spartan general Phoebidas as his harmost ( ἁρμοστής, a military governor ) at Thespiae.

Artemis Daphnaia, who had her temple among the Lacedemonians, at a place called Hypsoi in Antiquity, on the slopes of Mount Cnacadion near the Spartan frontier, had her own sacred laurel trees.

In addition to questions of his nephew's paternity, Agesilaus ' succession was largely due to the intervention of his Spartan general, Lysander, who hoped to find in him a willing tool for the furtherance of his political designs.

Agesilaus, the former passive lover of Lysander, would have nothing of this, and reminded Lysander ( who was only a Spartan general ) who was king.

Athens at once appealed to Sparta to punish this act of medism, and Cleomenes I, one of the Spartan kings, crossed over to the island, to arrest those who were responsible for it.

At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly.

The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos, or general, Pericles, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet.

Unlike some of his predecessors the new Spartan general, Lysander, was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy ; he was an artful diplomat, who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Persian prince Cyrus, the son of Darius II.

Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates ( Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights ), Mothakes ( non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans ), Perioikoi ( freedmen ), and Helots ( state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population ).

During the Roman conquest, Spartans continued their way of life, and the city became a tourist attraction for the Roman elite who came to observe exotic Spartan customs.

High state policy decisions were discussed by this council who could then propose action alternatives to the Damos, the collective body of Spartan citizenry, who would select one of the alternatives by voting.

Only those who had undertaken the Spartan education process known as the agoge were eligible.

Others in the state were the perioikoi, who were free inhabitants of Spartan territory but were non-citizens, and the helots, the state-owned serfs.

The myth can be traced back to Plutarch, who includes no less than 17 " sayings " of " Spartan women ," all of which paraphrase or elaborate on the theme that Spartan mothers rejected their own offspring if they showed any kind of cowardice.

Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore dresses ( peplos ) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots.

Plutarch's Moralia contains a collection of " Sayings of Spartan Women ", including a laconic quip attributed to Gorgo: when asked by a woman from Attica why Spartan women were the only women in the world who could rule men, she replied " Because we are the only women who are mothers of men ".

A new element of Laconophilia by Karl Otfried Müller, who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of the Dorians, the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged.

These shows normally consists of three to five musical pieces accompanied by formations rooted in origin from " Patterns in Motion ", a book penned by one-time Michigan State University Spartan Marching Band assistant band director William C. " Bill " Moffit, who would later become bandmaster of Purdue University All-American Marching Band and University of Houston Spirit of Houston.

Spartan anxiety over the return of the prisoners, who were taken to Athens as hostages, contributed to their acceptance of the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC.