Far away in Baghdad, the current Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, had long been planning to depose the Umayyad who dared to call himself emir of al-Andalus.

In 750 the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyad caliph and shifted the capital to Baghdad, with emirs retaining nominal control over the Libyan coast on behalf of the far-distant caliph.

The tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, built a palatial complex known as Khirbet al-Mafjar about one mile north of Tell as-Sultan in 743, and two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items from it can still be seen in situ today, despite its having been partially destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus.

The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers.

However, the Umayyad caliph Umar II later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remains in practice in present day Saudi Arabia.

Mecca re-entered Islamic political history briefly when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs and again when the caliph Yazid I besieged Mecca in 683.

In 718, the Umayyad caliph Umar II strictly forbade collection of jizya from Muslim converts.

* After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 743 – 744 ).

* February 6 – Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

* Umayyad caliph al-Walid II dies and is succeeded by his brother Yazid III, who dies shortly after.

* April 16 – al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph

* Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 720 – 724 ) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 – 743 ).

* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Umayyad caliph ( b. 646 )

* Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.

* The Umayyad caliph Yazid I ( 680 – 683 ) is succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid ( 683 – 684 ).

* Yazid I, Umayyad caliph

* Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph ( b. 674 )

* Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.

* Suleiman II is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.

* Abd-ar-Rahman IV succeeds Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Then they suggested Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( one the greatest of the Umayyad caliphs ), but again no.

He was a direct descendant of the last of the Umayyad caliphs, Marwan II, and was thus connected with the Umayyad rulers in Spain, and seems to have kept up a correspondence with them and to have sent them some of his works.

* 750: The last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II ( 744 – 750 ) is overthrown and executed by the first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah.

* After the defeat of his army in the Battle of the Zab the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, is overthrown and killed.

* Armenia: The Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Marwan suppresses the Armenian revolt, captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes.

* Umayyad Caliphate: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies and is succeeded by his son al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Umayyad caliph

During the reign of the Umayyad caliph Marwan II Harran became the seat of the caliphal government of the Islamic empire stretching from Spain to Central Asia.

` Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( ‘ Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān ), ( 646 – 8 October 705 ) was the 5th Umayyad Caliph.

He wrote letters replying to inquiries of the Umayyad caliphs, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and al-Walid I, involving questions about certain events that happened in the time of the Prophet.

In 746, profiting by the unstable conditions in the Umayyad Caliphate which was falling apart under Marwan II, Constantine invaded Syria and captured Germanikeia ( modern Maraş, his father's birthplace ).

Abu al -` Abbas, supported by Shi ' as and the residents of Khurasan, led his forces to victory over the Umayyads and ultimately deposed the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, in 750.

In the year 161 AH, he subdued the rebellion of Abdallah ibn Marwan ibn Muhammad, leading the Umayyad remnant in Syria.

Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abu al -' As ibn Umayyah ( 623 – 7 May 685 ) () was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, and the cousin of Uthman ibn Affan, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in 684.

Marwan was able to win the Umayyad civil war, the result of which was a new Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs.

Hearing of the plot, Marwan ibn Muhammad wrote from Armenia urging a more prudent course of action, one more promising for the stability of the state and the preservation of the Umayyad house.

Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II ( 688 – 6 August 750 ) ( Arabic: مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم / ALA-LC: Marwān bin Muḥammad bin Marwān bin al-Ḥakam ) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed.