In general, the albedo depends on the directional distribution of incoming radiation.

All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave ( including visible ) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave ( infrared ) electromagnetic radiation from the earth.

However, since the Earth reflects about 30 % of the incoming sunlight, the planet's effective temperature ( the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation ) is about − 18 ° C, about 33 ° C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 ° C.

At these wavelengths, greenhouse gases that were largely transparent to incoming solar radiation are more absorbent.

One of these used no filters and observed all incoming radiation, both solar and thermal.

He noted that when Hawking radiation escapes, there is a way in which incoming particles can modify the outgoing particles.

In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer.

The germanium is processed to form a p-i-n ( positive-intrinsic-negative ) diode, and when cooled to ~ 77 K by liquid nitrogen to reduce dark current and detector noise, produces a signal which is proportional to the photon energy of the incoming radiation.

In particular, the Milankovitch cycles of Milutin Milankovitch are based on the premise that variations in incoming solar radiation are a fundamental factor controlling Earth's climate.

The Earth receives 174 petawatts ( PW ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere.

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) ( roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth ).

To protect life, settlements must be surrounded by sufficient mass to absorb most incoming radiation, unless magnetic or plasma radiation shields were developed.

The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through geologic time despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric albedo.

For example, MAD phasing requires that the scattering be recorded at least three ( and usually four, for redundancy ) wavelengths of the incoming X-ray radiation.

Both are supposed not to reflect incoming radiation of the desired wavelength.

An easily visualized example is one where the propagation modes are linear, and the incoming radiation is linearly polarized at a 45 ° angle to the modes.

A study by graduate students at MIT determined that a tin foil hat could attenuate incoming radiation depending on frequency.

When they are thin and translucent, the clouds efficiently absorb outgoing infrared radiation while only marginally reflecting the incoming sunlight.

When cirrus clouds are thick, they reflect only around 9 % of the incoming sunlight, but they prevent almost 50 % of the outgoing infrared radiation from escaping, thus raising the temperature of the atmosphere beneath the clouds by an average of 10 ° C ( 18 ° F )— a process known as the greenhouse effect.

All climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave ( near ) infrared, as well as outgoing energy as long wave ( far ) infrared electromagnetic radiation from the earth.

If baby teeth are retained too long, the incoming second teeth may be prevented from emerging at the normal time or may have to erupt in the wrong place.

Armour is being supplemented with active protection systems on a number of vehicles, allowing the AFV to protect itself from incoming projectiles.

At the instant of any observation of an object, the apparent position of the object is displaced from its true position by an amount which depends solely upon the transverse component of the velocity of the observer, with respect to the vector of the incoming beam of light ( i. e., the line actually taken by the light on its path to the observer ).

Aberration occurs when the observer's velocity has a component that is perpendicular to the line traveled by the light incoming from the star.

The reflected light being the sum of the incoming light ( L < sub > i </ sub >) from all directions, multiplied by the surface reflection and incoming angle.

Rockies first baseman Andrés Galarraga won the batting title, hitting. 370 for the season after Manager Don Baylor persuaded Galarraga to change from a standard batting stance into an open one in which he squarely faced the pitcher, allowing him to see incoming pitches properly.

An inbound call centre is operated by a company to administer incoming product support or information inquiries from consumers.

In recent decades, the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north.

The murder of gay U. S. Navy petty officer Allen R. Schindler, Jr. on October 27, 1992, brought calls from advocates of allowing open service by gays and lesbians for prompt action from the incoming Clinton administration.

However, certain ionospheric effects begin to block incoming radiowaves from space, when their frequency is less than about 10 MHz ( wavelength longer than about 30 meters ).

This worked somewhat differently from an Ethernet bridge, where only the header of the incoming packet would be examined before it was either dropped or forwarded to another segment.

Artesian wells were dug, and landfill was hauled in from incoming ships ' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

Each internal line corresponds to a factor of the corresponding virtual particle's propagator ; each vertex where lines meet gives a factor derived from an interaction term in the Lagrangian, and incoming and outgoing lines carry an energy, momentum, and spin.

There are three different types of lines: internal lines connect two vertices, incoming lines extend from " the past " to a vertex and represent an initial state, and outgoing lines extend from a vertex to " the future " and represent the final state.

However, if the node is firewalled, stopping the source node from receiving incoming connections, the client wanting to download a file sends it a so-called push request to the server for the remote client to initiate the connection instead ( to push the file ).

Parabolic reflectors resolve this, allowing incoming parallel rays ( for example, light from a distant star ) to be focused to a small spot ; almost an ideal point.

Major search engine robots are more likely to quantify such extant factors as the volume of incoming links from related websites, quantity and quality of content, technical precision of source code, spelling, functional v. broken hyperlinks, volume and consistency of searches and / or viewer traffic, time within website, page views, revisits, click-throughs, technical user-features, uniqueness, redundancy, relevance, advertising revenue yield, freshness, geography, language and other intrinsic characteristics.

In recent years, it also introduced so-called 100 % checks and bodyscans at Schiphol Airport on incoming flights from Dutch overseas territories Aruba and Netherlands Antilles to prevent importing cocaine by means of swallowing balloons by mules.

* the left hand side represents the incoming energy from the Sun

After the 1990 – 91 basketball season, all members of the Sun Belt except WKU, South Alabama, Jacksonville, and incoming member Arkansas – Little Rock departed for other conferences.

* the left hand side represents the incoming energy from the Sun

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) ( roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth ).

In addition to these regular issues, The Sun publishes a graduation issue and a freshman issue, which is mailed to incoming Cornell freshmen before their first semester.