In German, words starting with sch-( constituting the German phoneme ) would be intercalated between words with initial sca-and sci-( all incidentally loanwords ) instead of this graphic cluster appearing after the letter s, as though it were a single letter — a lexicographical policy which would be de rigueur in a dictionary of Albanian, i. e. dh -, ë -, gj -, ll -, rr -, th -, xh-and zh-( all representing phonemes and considered separate single letters ) would follow the letters d, e, g, l, n, r, t, x and z respectively.

The names were abandoned in Latin, which instead referred to the letters by adding a vowel ( usually e ) before or after the consonant ( the exception is zeta, which was retained from Greek ).

William Camden provided a definition of " Anagrammatisme " as " a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, subtraction or change of any letter, into different words, making some perfect sense applyable ( i. e., applicable ) to the person named.

After describing the manifestation of the Gospel in the Ogdoad and Hebdomad, he adds that the Basilidians have a long account of the innumerable creations and powers in the several ' stages ' of the upper world ( diastemata ), in which they speak of 365 heavens and say that " their great archon " is Abrasax, because his name contains the number 365, the number of the days in the year ; i. e. the sum of the numbers denoted by the Greek letters in ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ according to the rules of isopsephy is 365:

* Giuseppe Barzilai goes back for explanation to the first verse of the prayer attributed to Rabbi Nehunya ben HaKanah, the literal rendering of which is “ O, with thy mighty right hand deliver the unhappy ,” forming from the initial and final letters of the words the word Abrakd ( pronounced Abrakad ), with the meaning “ the host of the winged ones ,” i. e., angels.

He therefore, in a series of letters ( afterwards collected under the title Minhat Kenaot, i. e., " Jealousy Offering ") called upon the famous rabbi Solomon ben Adret of Barcelona to come to the aid of orthodoxy.

The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945 when the letters yat, called " double e "), and yus, called " big yus " or " ъ кръстато ") were removed from the alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30.

In the primitive church, books afterwards excluded from the canon were often read, e. g. the letters of Clement of Rome and the Shepherd of Hermas.

Most of the documents, chiefly the minutes of the sessions, were written in Greek ; others, e. g. the imperial letters, were issued in both languages ; others, again, e. g. the papal letters, were written in Latin.

However, when names are concerned ( e. g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries ), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed e ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters ( immediately following the underlying vowel ).

In modern Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems, the keyboard layouts US International and UK International feature dead keys that allow one to type Latin letters with the acute, grave, circumflex, diæresis, tilde, and cedilla found in Western European languages ( specifically, those combinations found in the ISO Latin-1 character set ) directly: "+ e gives ë, ~+ o gives õ, etc.

Historically the umlaut for the Swedish letters ä and ö, like the German umlaut, has developed from a small gothic e written on top of the letters.

These are considered to be separate letters, each of them is placed in alphabet right after its Latin counterpart ( i. e. ą between a and b ), ź and ż are placed after z in this order.

They are placed next to the most similar letters in the alphabet, c and e correspondingly.

An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription of Bareilly dated to Vikram Samvat 1049 ( i. e. 992 CE ), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word.

Whereas arithmetic deals with specific numbers and operators ( e. g. 3 + 2 = 5 ), algebra introduces variables, which are letters that represent non-specified numbers ( e. g. 3a + 2a = 5a ).

For example, in German dictionaries the word ökonomisch comes between offenbar and olfaktorisch, while Turkish dictionaries treat o and ö as different letters, placing oyun before öbür.

The message text was the word " login "; the " l " and the " o " letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed.

They did not use four letters of it, mainly because Etruscan had no voiced stops, b, d and g, and also no o.

Some of the letters are represented by iconic shapes, such as b, c, d, k, and, in British Sign Language and the BANZSL group of languages, the vowels a, e, i, o, and u, are represented by pointing to the fingertips.

Ā, ē, ī, ū and ō are separate letters that sort in alphabetical order immediately after a, e, i, u and o respectively.

In programming languages, octal literals are typically identified with a variety of prefixes, including the digit 0, the letters o or q, or the digit – letter combination 0o.

( This was a plausible mistake because headwords on slips were typed with spaces between the letters, making " D or d " look very much like " D o r d ".

The more frequent letters ( t, n, e, i, o, r ) are arranged in a rough circle directly in front of the typesetter, while the less-frequently used letters and characters are farther away.

It differed from RED in that the group of letters was changed and announced every nine days, whereas in RED they were permanently fixed as the English vowels ' a ', ' e ', ' i ', ' o ', ' u ' and ' y '.

* Italian uncial has round letters ( c, e, o, etc.

It required all over-the-road-vehicles sold to contain a 17-character VIN, which does not include the letters I ( i ), O ( o ), or Q ( q ) ( to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 0 ).

It is rarely used in mathematics because it is indistinguishable from the Latin letters O, o and easily confused with the digit 0.

Other forms of the name are longer still: " Taumata ­ whakatangihanga ­ koauau ­ o ­ tamatea ­ ure ­ haea ­ turi ­ pukaka ­ piki ­ maunga ­ horo ­ nuku ­ pokai ­ whenua ­ ki ­ tana ­ tahu " has 92 letters.

They are therefore generally transcribed with mid vowel letters such as e and o: high front i ü, high back ï u, reduced ( mid ) front e ö, reduced ( mid ) back ë o, and low ä, a.

Similarly, the 29 minuscule forms ( lowercase or small letters ) are: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, å, ä, and ö.

In standard usage ( outside heavy metal ) the umlaut version of a vowel is pronounced differently from the normal vowel ; the letters u and ü represent distinct sounds, as do o vs. ö and a vs. ä.

Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to the right to achieve italics ( that is instead referred to as slanting or oblique ), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules ( like x and o ) for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect.

In the United Kingdom, the acronym " FoR " is normally typeset with a lower-case " o ", and an E added for England ( FoRE ); elsewhere, it is usually typeset in all capital letters, as " FOR ", such as in " IFOR ".

Orthographies with a high grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence ( excluding exceptions due to loan words and assimilation ) include those of Finnish, Albanian, Georgian, Turkish ( apart from ğ and various palatal and vowel allophones ), Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian ), Bulgarian, Macedonian ( if the apostrophe is counted, though slight inconsistencies may be found ), Eastern Armenian ( apart from o, v ), Basque ( apart from palatalized l, n ), Haitian Creole, Castilian Spanish ( apart from h, x, b / v, and sometimes k, c, g, j, z ), Czech ( apart from ě, ů, y, ý ), Polish ( apart from ó, h, rz ), Romanian ( apart from distinguishing semivowels from vowels ), Ukrainian ( mainly phonemic with some other historical / morphological rules, as well as palatalization ), Swahili ( missing aspirated consonants, which do not occur in all varieties and are sparsely used anyways ), Mongolian ( apart from letters representing multiple sounds depending on front or back vowels, the soft and hard sign, silent letters to indicate / ŋ / from / n / and voiced versus voiceless consonants ) Azerbaijani ( apart from k ), and Kazakh ( apart from и, у, х, щ, ю ).

For example, in blackletter, letters with right-facing bowls ( b, o, and p ) and those with left-facing bowls ( c, e, o, d, g and q ) were written with the facing edges of the bowls superimposed.

Thanks to Spoken Arts Records, history buffs may hear Lincoln's `` most memorable speeches and letters '' in a two-disc set, interpreted by Lincoln authority and lecturer Roy P. Basler.

The letters home, the talks later given by returning members of the Peace Corps, the influence on the lives of those who spend two or three years in hard work abroad -- all this may combine to provide a substantial popular base for responsible American policies toward the world.

Either lay the components aside in proper order or code them with numbers and letters so they may be replaced in their proper positions.

For mounting to corrugated plastic backgrounds, very small holes may be drilled in the sides of the letters and stainless steel wire threaded through the openings, its ends twisted behind the panels.

More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for Hmong and Zhuang.

The Book Pahlavi script, an abjad, had only twelve letters at one point, and may have had even fewer later on.

Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways:

* A language may represent a given phoneme with a combination of letters rather than just a single letter.

* A language may represent the same phoneme with two different letters or combinations of letters.

* A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons.

French, with its silent letters and its heavy use of nasal vowels and elision, may seem to lack much correspondence between spelling and pronunciation, but its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are actually consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.

Vowels are written through modification of these consonant letters, either by means of diacritics ( which may not follow the direction of writing the letters ) or by changes in the form of the letter itself.

Vowels not preceded by a consonant may be represented with a zero consonant letter, modified to indicate the vowel, or separate letters for each vowel, that are distinct from the corresponding dependent vowel signs.

* dependent consonant signs, which may be smaller or differently placed versions of the full consonant letters, or may be distinct signs altogether.

*( c ) It may be granted upon condition, cujus est dare, ejus est disponere, and this denization of an alien may come about three ways: by Parliament ; by letters patent, which was the usual manner ; and by conquest.

A contraction of a word is made by omitting certain letters or syllables and bringing together the first and last letters or elements ; an abbreviation may be made by omitting certain portions from the interior or by cutting off a part.

ABC are the first three letters of the Latin alphabet, and they may refer to:

xiii, " Cum ad Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ") prescribes their work, determines how much they may charge for their labour, fixes a certain tax for an abstract or abridgment of twenty-five words, or their equivalent, 150 letters, forbids them to charge more, even though the abstract goes over twenty-five words but less than fifty words, enacts that the basis of the tax is the labour employed in writing, expediting, etc., the Bulls, and by no means the emoluments accruing to the recipient of the favour or benefice conferred by the Bull, and declares that whoever shall charge more than the tax fixed by him shall be suspended for six months from office, and upon a second violation of the law, shall be deprived of it altogether, and if the delinquent be an abbreviator, he shall be excommunicated.

A single constellation may contain fifty or more stars, but the Greek alphabet has only twenty-four letters ; when these ran out, Bayer began using lower-case Latin letters: hence s Carinae ( s of the Keel ) and d Centauri ( d of the Centaur ).