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Page "Lymphatic system" ¶ 3
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lymph and transports
* it transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
In adults, the thoracic duct transports up to 4 L of lymph per day.
" A discrete subpopulation of dendritic cells transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes " ( 2000 ) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 191 ( 3 ), pp. 435-443.

lymph and antigen-presenting
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells ( APCs ) endocytose foreign material ( typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing, then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes.
Dendritic cells ( DCs ), which are the primary antigen-presenting cells ( APCs ), of the donor tissue migrate to the recipient's peripheral lymphoid tissue ( lymphoid follicles and lymph nodes ), and present the donor's self peptides to the recipient's lymphocytes ( immune cells residing in lymphoid tissues ).
Some chemokines control cells of the immune system during processes of immune surveillance, such as directing lymphocytes to the lymph nodes so they can screen for invasion of pathogens by interacting with antigen-presenting cells residing in these tissues.

lymph and cells
Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic ( blood forming ) cells and immune system cells ( e. g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes ).
However, maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in secondary lymphoid organs ( spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes ).
The collection of this prelymph fluid is carried out by the initial lymph collectors which are blind-ended epithelial-lined vessels with fenestrated openings that allow fluids and particles as large as cells to enter.
Once the lymph enters the fully valved lymphatic vessels, it is pumped by a rhythmic peristaltic-like action by smooth muscle cells within the lymphatic vessel walls.
Compression pump technology utilizes a multi-chambered pneumatic sleeve with overlapping cells to promote movement of lymph fluid.
After transmission of the virus from a mosquito the viruses replicate in the lymph nodes and infect dendritic cells in particular.
Yersinia pestis proliferates inside lymph nodes where it is able to avoid destruction by cells of the immune system such as macrophages.
Sometimes the " sentinel lymph node "-- that is, the first axillary lymph node that the metastasizing cancer cells would be expected to drain into — is removed.
It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation.
The term hematopoietic system refers to tissues and organs that produce and / or primarily host hematopoietic cells and include bone marrow, lymph node, thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues.
The hematopathologist reviews biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows and other tissues involved by an infiltrate of cells of the hematopoietic system.
These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood.
The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients ( such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph ), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc.
This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which returns excess filtered blood plasma from the interstitial fluid ( between cells ) as lymph.
These malignant cells often originate in lymph nodes, presenting as an enlargement of the node ( a tumor ).
The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells.
* The lymphoid tissue is primarily involved in immune responses and consists of lymphocytes and other white blood cells enmeshed in connective tissue through which the lymph passes.

lymph and APCs
After APCs have phagocytosed pathogens, they usually migrate to the vast networks of lymph vessels and are carried via lymph flow to the draining lymph nodes ( this network is collectively known as the Lymphatic system ).
The lymph nodes become a collection point to which APCs such as dendritic cells ( DCs ) can interact with T cells.
They do this by chemotaxis, which involves interacting with chemokines that are expressed on the surface of cells ( e. g., endothelial cells of the high endothelial venules ) or have been released as chemical messengers to draw the APCs to the lymph nodes.

lymph and ),
Approximately 75 % of the lymph from the breast travels to the ipsilateral ( same-side ) axillary lymph nodes, whilst 25 % of the lymph travels to the parasternal nodes ( beside the sternum bone ), to the other breast, and to the abdominal lymph nodes.
The axillary lymph nodes include the pectoral ( chest ), subscapular ( under the scapula ), and humeral ( humerus-bone area ) lymph-node groups, which drain to the central axillary lymph nodes and to the apical axillary lymph nodes.
It usually presents with genital ulceration and swollen lymph nodes in the groin, but it may also manifest as proctitis ( inflammation of the rectum ), fever or swollen lymph nodes in other regions of the body.
The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in 3rd century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that the " absorptive veins of the lymphatics ", by which he meant the lacteals ( lymph vessels of the intestines ), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver.
Micrograph of a lymph node showing the characteristic changes of toxoplasmosis ( scattered epithelioid histiocytes ( pale cells ), monocytoid cells ( top-center of image ), large germinal centers ( left of image )), H & E stain
* Mediastinal lymph nodes: They consist of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea ( 5 groups ), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm.
Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct ( ductus thoracicus ), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle.
The typical symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis are a sore throat, fever of greater than, tonsillar exudates ( pus on the tonsils ), and large cervical lymph nodes.
Common signs include lymphadenopathy ( enlarged lymph nodes ), splenomegaly ( enlarged spleen ), hepatitis ( refers to inflammation of hepatocytes — cells in the liver ) and hemolysis ( the bursting of red blood cells ).
Inside the mammalian host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, and are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids ( e. g., lymph, spinal fluid ), and continue to replicate by binary fission.

lymph and such
The symptoms of plague depend on the concentrated areas of infection in each person: such as bubonic plague in lymph nodes, septicemic plague in blood vessels, pneumonic plague in lungs, and so on.
The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin and liver.
Pump therapy may be used in addition to other treatments such as compression bandaging and manual lymph drainage.
Other common applications include musculo-skeletal imaging of muscles, ligaments and tendons, ophthalmic ultrasound ( eye ) scans and superficial structures such as testicle, thyroid, salivary glands and lymph nodes.
Because of the real time nature of ultrasound, it is often used to guide interventional procedures such as fine needle aspiration FNA or biopsy of masses for cytology or histology testing in the breast, thyroid, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, muscles and joints.
This may be due to obstruction from, for example, pressure from a cancer or enlarged lymph nodes, destruction of lymph vessels by radiotherapy, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection ( such as elephantiasis ).
It has been suggested that the oedema that occurs in some people following use of aspirin-like cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen or indomethacin may be due to inhibition of lymph heart action.
Despite these limitations, sonographic imaging in experienced hands can often distinguish between appendicitis and other diseases with very similar symptoms, such as inflammation of lymph nodes near the appendix or pain originating from other pelvic organs such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
Molecules found on bacteria cell walls or chemical substances secreted from bacteria, called antigens, may be taken up by dedicated antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells into the lymph system and then into lymph nodes.
The larvae travel by capillaries to various organs, such as the retina, myocardium, or lymph nodes ; however, only larvae that migrate to skeletal muscle cells survive and encyst.
Mast cells collect in various tissues and can affect organs were mast cells do not normally inhabit such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes and organ which have normal populations but numbers are increased.
Usui used specific hand positions to treat specific ailments and dis-eases ( discomfort ), which included disorders of the nervous system ( such as hysteria ), respiratory disorders ( such as inflammation of the trachea ), digestive disorders ( such as gastric ulcers ), circulatory disorders ( such as chronic high blood pressure ), metabolism and blood disorders ( such as anaemia ), urogenital tract disorders ( such as nephritis ), skin disorders ( such as inflammation of the lymph nodes ), childhood disorders ( such as measles ), women ’ s health disorders ( such as morning sickness ), and contagious disorders ( such as typhoid fever ).

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