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Tsar and Kaloyan
* 1205 — The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, ( July 1172 – 1205 ), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
* Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
* Kaloyan becomes Tsar of Bulgaria.
Tsar Kaloyan ( 1197 – 1207 ) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of " Rex " although he desired to be recognized as " Emperor " or " Tsar ".
The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I.
At any rate, Tsar Kaloyan wrote to Pope Innocent III, reporting that Baldwin had died in prison.
Henry was a wise ruler, whose reign was largely passed in successful struggles with Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria, and with his rival, Theodore I Lascaris, emperor of Nicaea.
Some contemporary historians say that Henry made a peace with Bulgarians after the death of Kaloyan, and a marriage was arranged in 1213 between Henry and Maria of Bulgaria, daughter of Kaloyan and stepdaughter of Boril, Tsar of Bulgaria.
Boniface was killed in an ambush by the Bulgarians on September 4, 1207, and his head was sent to Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan.
Kaloyan got an advantage over the conspirators and became the Tsar of Bulgaria.
The peak of Kaloyan Nunatak in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Tsar Kaloyan.
After the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade the city of Apros was alternately held by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria and the Crusaders.
In 1206, Tsar Kaloyan destroyed Apros, but it was later rebuilt and continued to be ruled by Branas.
Boniface's rule lasted less than two years before he was ambushed by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria and killed on September 4, 1207.
The expressive realistic portraits of the donors Sebastocrator Kaloyan and his wife Dessislava, and of the Bulgarian Tsar Constantine Asen Tikh and Tsaritsa Irina-painted with precision, extraordinary skill and feeling-are among the oldest portraits of figures from Bulgarian history.
Following the example of Boris I, Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan manoeuvred for years between the Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope Innocent III.
In 1204 the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan ( 1197-1207 ) formed a short-lived union between the Roman Catholic Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a political tactic to balance the religious power of the Byzantine Empire.
Vladigerov composed in a variety of genres including an opera ( Tsar Kaloyan, to a libretto by Nikolai Liliev and Fani Popova-Mutafova ), ballet, symphonic music, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, chamber music including string quartet, trio ( violin, cello and piano ), works and transcriptions for violin and piano and numerous opuses for solo piano, 38 transcriptions of instrumental pieces for instrument and piano, 13 late transcriptions of his earlier works for two pianos, fifty folksong concert arrangements for voice and piano / orchestra, 20 songs for voice and piano, ten choral songs with piano / orchestra, incidental music for the performances of the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, the Theater in der Josefstadt in Vienna, and the National Theatre in Sofia.
Tsar Kaloyan () is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, situated in Razgrad Province near the town of Razgrad.
It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Tsar Kaloyan Municipality.
The village was named Torlak until 1934 when it was renamed Tsar Kaloyan.

Tsar and is
This is one of the most enduring titles, Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Symeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.
On 31 October 1721, Peter I was proclaimed Emperor by the Senate-the title used was Latin " Imperator ", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title " Tsar ".
* 1613 – Mikhail I is elected unanimously as Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia.
; Forgotten Futures VII: Tsar Wars: Based on the late 19th century novels of George Griffith, Tsar Wars is a setting for the struggle between the anarchist Terror and the forces of oppression in the early 20th Century, and the return of the Tsar's heir to the utopia of 2030 AD.
But in 1648 beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at this time in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which continues until 1654, and results is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during the meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia the Treaty of Pereyaslav.
* 2001 – Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was a child, is sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, becoming the first monarch in history to regain political power through democratic election to a different office.
At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.
* 1883 – Alexander III is crowned Tsar of Russia.
* 1801 – Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death in his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle.
This room is a miniature reconstruction of the study of Tsar Nicolas II from the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia.
* 1961 – Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates the hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya ; at 50 megatons of yield, it is still the largest explosive device ever detonated, nuclear or otherwise.
The Tsar Cannon, which is the world's largest bombard by caliber, is the masterpiece of Russian cannon making.
* March 23 – Tsar Paul I of Russia is murdered.
The coronation is of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
* November 1 – Russian Tsar Alexander III is succeeded by his son Nicholas II.
* July 21 – Pretender Dmitri is officially crowned Tsar Dmitri II.
* Peter I abdicates and retires to a monastery and is succeeded by Boris II as Tsar of Bulgaria.
* The Muscovy Company is chartered in England to trade with Muscovy and Richard Chancellor negotiates with the Tsar.
* March 12 – 13 – The Treaty of Pereyaslav is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during the meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia, following the end to the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, which had started in 164 and had resulted in the massacre of an estimated 100, 000 Jews.
He is succeeded as Tsar by his son Feodor.
The idea of a choral epilogue in the original scenario was no doubt inspired by the example of A Life for the Tsar by Glinka, to whose memory Prince Igor is dedicated.

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