The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

The Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) granted it observer member status under the name of " Turkish Cypriot State ".

The pages of the Italian manuscript are framed in an Islamic style, and contain chapter rubrics and margin notes in ungrammatical Arabic ; with an occasional Turkish word, and many Turkish syntactical features.

Although Muslim teaching at this time strongly opposed the printing of Islamic or Arabic texts, non-Muslim printing was not, in principle, forbidden ; indeed attempts were made in the 1570s by anti-Trinitarian Christians to establish a printing press in the Turkish capital to publish radical Protestant works.

Subsequently, the Galatians continued to be subsumed into the Greek world until their culture was barely indistinguishable from the Greeks before disappearing under the Turkish and Islamic Jihad and Genocide of Byzantine Anatolia.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( Kafir ) colonial powers " working through Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

The honorary and informal Islamic title Hadji ( Turkish: Hacı ) in Piri's ( Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri ) and his father's ( Hadji Mehmed Piri ) names indicate that they had completed the Hajj ( Islamic pilgrimage ) by going to Mecca during the dedicated period of Hadjj and fulfilling the required rituals.

The Ehl-i Hiref attracted the empire's most talented artisans to the Sultan's court, both from the Islamic world and recently conquered territories in Europe, resulting in a blend of Islamic, Turkish and European cultures.

Because it is a predominantly Islamic country, pork plays no role in Turkish cuisine.

Thus, the creation of Turkish hip hop in Germany ( primarily through such groups as Cartel and Islamic Force ) that sought to address Turkish nationalist identities was born.

In describing Turkish music, Mc Boe-B from Islamic Force tells the narrative, “ boy comes home and listens to hip hop, then his father comes along and says ‘ come on boy, we ’ re going shopping .’ They get in the car and the boy listens to Turkish music on the cassette player.

By rapping in English and mixing African-American hip-hop beats with Turkish Arabesk, Islamic Force is a perfect example of Boe-B ’ s kid who listens to both Turkish and American cassettes in his father ’ s car.

Two speakers shared their personal stories, Merve Kavakçı, an elected Turkish parliamentarian removed from office because she insisted on wearing the hijab ( Islamic headcovering ) and Sami Al-Arian, a tenured University of South Florida professor who at the time was threatened with dismissal because a former leader of his dialogue group of Muslim and non-Muslim intellectuals later was identified as the head of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.

On 4 November 1914 the Turkish Enver Pasha announced the Jihad, the holy war, against the Christians.

At least two of the cellphone calls made by passengers indicate that all the hijackers they saw were wearing red bandanas, which some have questioned may have signified an allegiance to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

At least two of the cellphone calls made by passengers indicate that all the hijackers they saw were wearing red bandanas, which some believe may have signified an allegiance to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

* Palestinian Islamic Jihad

This action was taken after a long period of increasing tension between the two countries due to a series of cross-border incidents involving the Eritrean Islamic Jihad ( EIJ ).

The Second Intifada broke out in September 2000 with its waves of protest, civil unrest and bombings against Israeli military and civilians, many of them perpetrated by suicide bombers, and the beginning of rockets and bombings of Israeli border localities by Palestinian guerrillas from Gaza Strip, especially from Hamas and Jihad Islamic movements.

Whether the Islamic Jihad Organization ( IJO ) was a nom de guerre used by Hezbollah or a separate organization, is disputed.

Hezbollah leaders reportedly admitted their involvement in IJO's attacks and the nominal nature of " Islamic Jihad " – that it was merely a " telephone organization ," and whose name was " used by those involved to disguise their true identity.

The names Islamic Jihad Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth and the Revolutionary Justice Organization are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the United States, Israel, and Canada.

Hezbollah nurtures the original ideas of Islamic Jihad.

* The April 1983 U. S. Embassy bombing ( by the Islamic Jihad Organization ),

* The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing ( by the Islamic Jihad Organization ), that killed 241 U. S. marines, 58 French paratroopers and 6 civilians at the US and French barracks in Beirut

The radical Islamists al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad reject entirely democracy and self-proclaimed Muslims they find overly moderate, and preach violent jihad, urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis.

The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981.

Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements, Islamic Jihad directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western / foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies.

These groups include several mentioned above: al-Gama ' a al-Islamiyya ( Islamic Group ) of Egypt, Islamist groups in Algeria, Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Gaza and the West Bank, and Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda group.

Islamic Jihad may refer to:

* Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine

* Islamic Jihad Organization, active mostly in Lebanon

* Islamic Jihad of Yemen

* Egyptian Islamic Jihad

Jihad (; ), an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims.