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Umayyad and caliph
Far away in Baghdad, the current Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, had long been planning to depose the Umayyad who dared to call himself emir of al-Andalus.
In 750 the Abbasid dynasty overthrew the Umayyad caliph and shifted the capital to Baghdad, with emirs retaining nominal control over the Libyan coast on behalf of the far-distant caliph.
The tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, built a palatial complex known as Khirbet al-Mafjar about one mile north of Tell as-Sultan in 743, and two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items from it can still be seen in situ today, despite its having been partially destroyed in an earthquake in 747.
One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus, Syria, where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus.
The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers.
However, the Umayyad caliph Umar II later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques, and his ruling remains in practice in present day Saudi Arabia.
Mecca re-entered Islamic political history briefly when it was held by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, an early Muslim who opposed the Umayyad caliphs and again when the caliph Yazid I besieged Mecca in 683.
In 718, the Umayyad caliph Umar II strictly forbade collection of jizya from Muslim converts.
* After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
* February 6 Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph
* Umayyad caliph al-Walid II dies and is succeeded by his brother Yazid III, who dies shortly after.
* April 16 al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph
* Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik ( 720 724 ) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 724 743 ).
* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Umayyad caliph ( b. 646 )
* Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.
* The Umayyad caliph Yazid I ( 680 683 ) is succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid ( 683 684 ).
* Yazid I, Umayyad caliph
* The Umayyad caliph Marwan I ( 684 685 ) is succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 685 705 ).
* Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph ( b. 674 )
* Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.
* Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
* Suleiman II is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
* Abd-ar-Rahman IV succeeds Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.

Umayyad and Hisham
Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).
Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.
Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency ; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740.
* Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham, Umayyad prince and general
* Umayyad troops under Abdallah al-Battal and Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham raze Gangra and unsuccessfully besiege Nicaea.
Although the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik had adopted Persian court practices, it was not until al-Mansur's reign that Persian literature and scholarship were truly appreciated in the Islamic world.
Constantine was crossing Asia Minor to campaign against the Umayyad Caliphate under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik on the eastern frontier in June 741 or 742.
Hisham III () was the last Umayyad ruler in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ) ( 1026 1031 ), and the last person to hold the title Caliph of Cordoba.
In 743, the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham provoked a civil war in the Islamic Empire.
With the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 743, the Islamic world was launched into civil war.
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( 691 6 February 743 ) () 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743.
Hisham I or Hisham Al-Reda () was the second Umayyad Emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796 in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ).
Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I () was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ).
* Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham, Umayyad prince and general ( fl.
Hisham II () was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty.
A large number of the inhabitants of the region of northern Afghanistan accepted Islam through Umayyad missionary efforts particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz.

Umayyad and ibn
At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.
Then they suggested Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( one the greatest of the Umayyad caliphs ), but again no.
Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.
* 730 Battle of Marj Ardabil: the Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah.
* 711 30 April The Umayyad general Tariq ibn Ziyad, leading a Berber-dominated army, sailed across the Strait from Ceuta.
* 711 Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.
The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.
The latter was said to be held in Toledo, Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain.

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