** William of Ockham ( Church of England )

At about the same time, the nominalist philosopher William of Ockham argued, in Book I of his Summa Totius Logicae ( Treatise on all Logic, written some time before 1327 ), that Categories are not a form of Being in their own right, but derivative on the existence of individuals.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

If Wycliffe was in philosophy the superior of his contemporaries and had no equal in scholastic discipline, he belongs with the series of great scholastic philosophers and theologians in which England in the Middle Ages was so rich – with Alexander of Hales, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham ( Occam ), and Thomas Bradwardine.

* 1328 – William of Ockham, Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.

It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame.

Nominalism has been endorsed or defended by many, including William of Ockham, Peter Abelard, D. C. Williams ( 1953 ), David Lewis ( 1983 ), and arguably H. H. Price ( 1953 ) and W. V. O. Quine ( 1961 ).

William of Ockham argued strongly that universals are a product of abstract human thought.

Both these opinions were denied by Scotus ' pupil William of Ockham.

It can be found in the work of Peter Abelard and reached its flowering in William of Ockham, who was the most influential and thorough nominalist.

He engaged in long theological debates with other noted figures of the age, such as William of Ockham and Meister Eckhart.

Prior thinkers, particularly nominalist William of Ockham in the early 14th century, had begun the intellectual movement toward empiricism.

William of Ockham – Sketch labelled " frater Occham iste ", from a manuscript of Ockham's Summa Logicae, 1341

William of Ockham (; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings ; c. 1288 – c. 1348 ) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

Although he is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology.

William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age.

William of Ockham was among these scholarly commentators.

William of Ockham believed " only faith gives us access to theological truths.

The standard edition of his philosophical and theological works is William of Ockham: Opera philosophica et theologica, Gedeon Gál, et al., eds.

For his political works, all but the Dialogus have been edited in William of Ockham, H. S. Offler, et al., eds.

* William of Ockham biography at University of St Andrews, Scotland

* Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham

* The Nominalist Ontology of William of Ockham, with an annotated bibliography

Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim.

Stephen ( c. 1092 / 6 – 25 October 1154 ), often referred to as Stephen of Blois (, Medieval French: Estienne de Blois ), was a grandson of William the Conqueror.

Sir William Wallace ( Medieval Gaelic: Uilliam Uallas ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas ; Norman French: William le Waleys ; ; died 23 August 1305 ) was a Scottish knight and landowner who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Medieval writers criticised William for his greed and cruelty, but his personal piety was universally praised by contemporaries.

* Kibler, William W. ( 1995 ) Medieval France: an Encyclopedia.

Although a similar observation was made by Aristotle and was known to Greek and Medieval logicians ( in the 14th century, William of Ockham wrote down the words that would result by reading the laws out ), De Morgan is given credit for stating the laws formally and incorporating them in to the language of logic.

* Previté-Orton, Charles William, The shorter Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1952.

* Kibler, William W. ( 1995 ) Medieval France: an Encyclopedia.

William Stearns Davis writes in Life on a Medieval Barony:

" Medieval Drama and Courtly Romance in William Morris ' " Sir Galahad, A Christmas Mystery ".

* Online Medieval & Classical Library E-text ( William Stewart Rose translation )

Medieval writers such as al-Ghazali and William of Ockham connected the problem with God's absolute power, asking how we can be certain that the world will continue behaving as expected when God could at any moment miraculously cause the opposite.

* " The Life of Saint Christopher ", The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints, Temple Classics, 1931 ( Compiled by Jacobus de Voragine, Translated by William Caxton ) at the Fordham University Medieval Sourcebook

It was also designed by William Wilkins, but includes some Medieval glass and features, including the fellows ' stalls, of the older Elizabethan Chapel, which was demolished in the construction of New Court.

* 1970 Richard William Southern The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought

* Medieval Lands Project on William VII Aigret

* Harvey, Ruth E. The wives of the ' first troubadour ', Duke William IX of Aquitaine ( Journal of Medieval History ), 1993

Medieval Sourcebook: Thomas of Monmouth ; The Life and Miracles of William of Norwich 1173

* Medieval Sourcebook English translation by William Fairley

A World Lit Only by Fire ( 1992 ) by American historian William Manchester, is an informal history of the European Middle Ages, structured into three sections: The Medieval Mind, The Shattering, and One Man Alone.

In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 72 – 73.

* The History of English Affairs, Book I ( Medieval Latin Texts ), by William, P. G.

* The Sermons of William of Newburgh ( Toronto Medieval Latin Texts ) ( English and Latin Edition ) Edited by AB Kraebel