Yohanan ben Zakkai, a leading Pharisee, was appointed the first Patriarch ( the Hebrew word, Nasi, also means prince, or president ), and he reestablished the Sanhedrin at Yavneh ( see the related Council of Jamnia ) under Pharisee control.

# First Generation: Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai's generation ( c. 40 BCE-80 CE ).

Before Vespasian's departure, the Pharisaic sage and Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai obtained his permission to establish a Judaic school at Yavne.

** Yohanan ben Zakkai

: Once, Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai was walking with his disciple, Rabbi Y ' hoshua, near Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple.

A former leading Pharisee, Yohanan ben Zakkai, was appointed the first Patriarch ( the Hebrew word, Nasi, also means prince, or president ), and he reestablished the Sanhedrin at Javneh under Pharisee control.

Following the destruction of the Temple, Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai ordered that the Four Species be waved everywhere on every day of Sukkot ( except on Shabbat ), as a memorial to the Temple.

The Talmud says that Yohanan ben Zakkai, a great Pharisee of the first century, was assigned to a post in Galilee during his training.

The impact of Abulafia is evident in an anonymous epistle attributed to Maimonides ; Rabbi Reuven Tzarfati, a kabbalist active in 14th century Italy ; Abraham Shalom, Yohanan Alemanno, Judah Albotini, and Joseph ibn Zagyah ; Moses Cordovero and Chaim Vital ’ s influential Shaarei Kedushah ; Sabbatai Zevi, Joseph Hamitz, Pinchas Horowitz, and Menahem Mendel of Shklov.

Hyrcanus from " Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum " John Hyrcanus ( Yohanan Girhan ; Yohanan Hyrcanus – יוחנן הורקנוס, Ιωάννης Υρκανός ) ( reigned 134-104 BC, died 104 BC ) was a Hasmonean ( Maccabeean ) leader of the 2nd century BC.

A classical rabbinic work, Avoth de-Rabbi Natan, states: " One time, when Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai was walking in Jerusalem with Rabbi Yehosua, they arrived at where the Temple in Jerusalem now stood in ruins.

" Then Rabbi Yohannan ben Zakkai spoke to him these words of comfort: " Be not grieved, my son.

He learned with him until he died, at which point he moved to Yavneh to study at the feet of ben Zakkai, as well as Gamliel II HaNasi ( the Prince ), and Yehoshua ben Chananya.

Johanan ben Zakkai established that the shofar trumpets be blown at Jamnia and the surrounding places even if the festival fell on the Sabbath, while at one time this was done only in the Temple ( iv. 1 ); he also fixed the lulav outside of the Temple for seven days, and forbade the eating of new grain on the second day of Passover ( iv. 2 ); he extended the time for examining witnesses until the evening, and had them come to Jamnia even in the absence of the av bet din ( iv. 3 ).

Ordinances of Johanan ben Zakkai concerning Rosh ha-Shanah and the Sabbath, and other matters

The Tosefta omits the ordinances of Gamliel and of Johanan ben Zakkai, and the dispute of the two leaders of the school-house, nor does it mention anything of the power of any tannaitic dignitary ; the Tosefta is here a product of the time of the Amoraim.

The list of the exilarchs down to the end of the 9th century is given as follows in an old document " Mediæval Jewish Chronicles ," i. 196: " Bostanai, Hanina ben Adoi, Hasdai I, Solomon, Isaac Iskawi I, Judah Zakkai ( Babawai ), Moses, Isaac Iskawi II, David ben Judah, Hasdai II.

Judah Zakkai, who is called " Zakkai ben Ahunai " by Sherira, had as rival candidate Natronai ben Habibai, who, however, was defeated and sent West in banishment ; this Natronai was a great scholar, and, according to tradition, while in Spain wrote the Talmud from memory.

After a short interregnum ' Ukba's nephew, David ben Zakkai, became exilarch ; but he had to contend for nearly two years with Kohen Zedek before he was finally confirmed in his power ( 921 ).

David ben Zakkai was the last exilarch to play an important part in history.

When Gaon Hai died in 1038, nearly a century after Saadia's death, the members of his academy could not find a more worthy successor than the exilarch Hezekiah, a descendant, perhaps a great-grandson, of David ben Zakkai, who thereafter filled both offices.

Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan ( see the genealogies in 1890 pp. 180 et seq .).

This event directly led to the escape of Yochanan ben Zakkai out of Jerusalem, who met Vespasian, a meeting which led to the foundation of the Academy of Yavneh which produced the Mishnah which led to the survival of rabbinical Judaism.

* " He ben Zakkai said: ' Go and see what is the right way that a man should seek for himself.

: Once, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai was walking with his disciple, Rabbi Yehoshua, near Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple.

" Then Rabbi Yohannan ben Zakkai spoke to him these words of comfort: " Be not grieved, my son.

The likelihood of a 1st century tomb being built to the west of the city is questionable, as according to the late 1st century Rabbinic leader, Akiva ben Joseph, quoted in the Mishnah, tombs should not built to the west of the city, as the wind in Jerusalem generally blows from the west, and would blow the smell of the corpses and their impurity over the city, and the Temple Mount.

In the Judaean Second Temple period, Rabbi Simeon ben Shetach in the 1st century BC is reported to have sentenced to death eighty women who had been charged with witchcraft on a single day in Ashkelon.

Akiva ben Joseph ( ca. 40 – ca. 137 CE ) simply known as Rabbi Akiva (), was a tanna of the latter part of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century ( 3rd tannaitic generation ).

Judaic interpreters as early as Philo and Yochanan ben Zakai ( 1st century AD ) interpreted " a mighty hunter before the Lord " ( Heb.

The Apocalypse of Baruch are two different Jewish pseudepigraphical texts written in the late 1st / early 2nd century, after the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in 70 AD, though attributed to Baruch ben Neriah ( c. 6th century BC ).

* An idolatrous former student of the early 1st century BCE rabbi Yehoshua ben Perachiah.

* Johanan ben Nuri, one of the tannaim of the 1st and 2nd centuries, frequently cited in the Mishnah

Bahir or Sefer HaBahir ס ֵ פ ֶ ר ה ַ ב ָּ ה ִ יר ( Hebrew, " Book of the Brightness ") is an anonymous mystical work, attributed to a 1st century rabbinic sage Nehunya ben HaKanah ( a contemporary of Yochanan ben Zakai ) because it begins with the words, " R. Nehunya ben HaKanah said ".

Rabbi Ishmael or Ishmael ben Elisha ( 90-135 CE, Hebrew: רבי ישמעאל ) was a Tanna of the 1st and 2nd centuries ( third tannaitic generation ).

Among the early sources quoted in the work is the 1st century Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus.

According to the Talmud ( tractate Bava Bathra 21a ), which praises the sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD, Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made formal education compulsory from the age of 6 or 7.

* Joel ben Uri Heilprin ( 1st half of the 18th century, Satanow ), Galician thaumaturge

* The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel ( 1st vol.

** This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā ) ( A. D. 980 – 1037 ).

* Andronicus ben Meshullam, a Jewish scholar of the 2nd century BC

Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph, was a Provençal rabbi, born at Lunel, near Montpellier, towards the end of the 13th century.

In this work, Heschel views the 2nd century sages Rabbis Akiva ben Yosef and Ishmael ben Elisha as paradigms for the two dominant world-views in Jewish theology

In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century.

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th century chief rabbi of Prague.

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th century chief rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal, who reportedly created a golem to defend the Prague ghetto from antisemitic attacks and pogroms.

The Jewish calendar's epoch ( reference date ), 1 Tishrei 1 AM, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Yossi ben Halafta, a 2nd century CE sage.

In the 10th century, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher refined the Tiberian vocalization, an extinct pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible.

11th to 12th century grammarians of the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain included Judah ben David Hayyuj, Jonah ibn Janah, Abraham ibn Ezra, Joseph Kimhi, Moses Kimhi and David Kimhi.

* The Sefer Mitzvot Gadol ( The " SeMaG ") of Rabbi Moses ben Jacob of Coucy ( first half of the 13th century, Coucy, Northern France ).

From these circles of spiritual inspiration, the early Hasidic movement arose, led by Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, in 18th century Podolia ( now Ukraine ).

File: Map of Jericho in 14c Farhi Bible by Elisha ben Avraham Crescas. jpg | Illustration of Jericho in a Farhi Bible ( 14th century )

* Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro ( 15th century ) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries.

A leading scholar of the Kabbalah, Moshe Idel ( Hasidism: Between Ecstasy and Magic, SUNY, 1995, pp. 17 – 18 ), ascribes this doctrine to the kabbalistic system of Rabbi Moses Cordovero ( 1522 – 1570 ) and in the eighteenth century, Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, founder of the Hasidic movement, as well as his contemporary, Rabbi Menahem Mendel, the Maggid of Bar.

The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of the Academy of Sura in Babylonia, in 853 C. E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the Hebrew word geber ( Gever ) means both " man " and " rooster " the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews.

These were the basis of Simcha ben Samuel's Machzor Vitry ( 11th century France ), which was based on the ideas of his teacher, Rashi.

The most important writers are Yose ben Yoseh, probably in the 6th century, chiefly known for his compositions for Yom Kippur ; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century ; Saadia Gaon ; and the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur ( died in 970 ), ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman ( Nahmanides ) and Isaac Luria.