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* Zhuge Liang launches the fourth of his Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.
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Zhuge and Liang
Some sources report that the 3rd-century Chancellor ( China ) Zhuge Liang of the Kingdom of Shu in China invented a land mine type device.
* An early type of hot air balloon used for military signalling, known as the Kongming lantern was said to be invented by Zhuge Liang.
Many famous personages in Chinese history were born during this period, including Hua Tuo and the great military strategist Zhuge Liang.
Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, in the Three Kingdoms era ( 220 – 280 AD ) used airborne lanterns for military signaling.
* Zhuge Liang of the Shu Kingdom in China ( on the Wuzhang Plains in a battle against the Kingdom of Wei ) ( b. 181 )
Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang invented the wooden ox, suggested to be an early form of the wheelbarrow, and improved on the repeating crossbow.
Zhuge and launches
Cao Zhen's importance begins to rise in Chapter 91 as Zhuge Liang launches his Northern Expeditions against Cao Wei.
Zhuge and fourth
During the fourth norther campaign, Zhuge sent Wei Yan to counter the enemy commander, Sima Yi, who was leading a frontal assault to Lu fortress from the central main road.
Li Yan changed his name into Li Ping and compromised on Zhuge Liang's war plan, and accepted the role of a logistic officer for Zhuge's fourth northern expedition.
Zhuge and Northern
Later, Zhuge Liang lamented on his loss in the first Northern Expedition, he pointed out " his huge army at Mount Qi and Zhao Yun's army in Ji Valley, were larger than that of the enemies.
From 228 until his death in 234, Zhuge Liang launched a total of five Northern Expeditions against Wei, all except one of which failed.
During the first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded Jiang Wei, a young Wei military officer, to surrender and defect to his side.
After Cao's death in 220, Zhang He was primarily engaged with defending the state of Cao Wei against the Northern Expeditions led by Zhuge Liang of Shu Han.
When Zhuge Liang of Shu Han launched his Northern Expeditions against Wei in 227, Zhang He was recalled to his old battlefield west of Chang ' an to fend off the attack.
For many of his battlefield exploits during the Northern expedition, he was given the laudatory nickname Xiao Zhuge, literally meaning " little Zhuge Liang ," of the Three Kingdoms fame.
In 228, Zhuge Liang launched his Northern Expeditions against Wei, Ma Su also proposed a plot to remove Sima Yi from command by causing discord within Wei by spreading rumors that Sima Yi intended to rebel and Cao Rui then removed him from command.
When Cao Zhen, who had been leading the defense against Zhuge Liang's Northern expeditions died in 231, Sima Yi took his position in command, and faced Zhuge Liang's armies for the first time in battle.
Between 228 and 234, Zhuge Liang launched a series of Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.
The battle was part of the first Northern Expedition led by Shu's chancellor Zhuge Liang to attack Wei.
Starting in 227, Zhuge Liang launched his five Northern Expeditions against Wei, but all except one were military failures ( albeit not military disasters ) in that Zhuge Liang's forces ran out of food before they were able to inflict significant damage on Wei and therefore were forced to withdraw.
The tributes from Nanzhong included, but not limited to, gold, silver, oxen, and warhorses, which helped Shu Han prosper, preparing it for Zhuge Liang's upcoming Northern Expeditions.
Even with the loss of Jing province, Zhuge Liang may have attempted to carry out a modified version of the Longzhong Plan in the form of the Northern Expeditions, although it is arguable that those campaigns had different tactical and strategic goals.
The military historians at the Military Science Academy in Beijing view Zhuge Liang's political goal as inappropriate and unrealistic even in 207 when the plan was formulated and totally irrelevant by the time of the Northern Expeditions.
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history.
In the state of Shu, the strategic thinking behind the Northern Expeditions can be traced back as early as 207, when the 27-year-old Zhuge Liang outlined his Longzhong Plan to his lord Liu Bei.
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