With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

* Senet has been found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively.

This primitive writing is placed slightly earlier than premitive writings of Sumerians of Mesopotamia, dated c. 3100 BCE.

Harappa, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt between c. 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE.

The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians ( including Assyrians and Babylonians ) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history ( c. 3100 BC ) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire.

* c. 3100 BC — Narmer Palette

* c. 3100 – 2600 BC — Neolithic settlement at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is inhabited.

* The earliest phase of the Stonehenge monument ( a circular earth bank and ditch ) dates to c. 3100 BC.

Uruk gave its name to the Uruk period, the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia spanning c. 4000 to 3100 BC, succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period of Sumer proper.

It was the companion city to Nekhen, the religious and political capital of Upper Egypt at the end of the Predynastic period ( c. 3200 – 3100 BC ) and probably, also during the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 3100 – 2686 BC ).

The complex of Newgrange was originally built between c. 3100 and 2900 BC, meaning that it is approximately 5, 000 years old.

* c. 3100 BC: The earliest phase of Stonehenge construction begins.

* c. 3100 BC: Narmer ( Menes ) unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country ; he rules this new country from Memphis.

* c. 3100 BC: Narmer, pharaoh, rules ( other dates are 3150 BC – 3125 BC ).

* c. 3100 BC: Predynastic period ( Neolithic ) ends in Ancient Egypt ( other date is 3150 BC ).

* c. 3100 BC: Early Dynastic ( Archaic ) period starts in Ancient Egypt ( other date is 3150 BC ).

* c. 3100 BC: The first temple of Tarxien is in use by the Neolithic inhabitants of Malta.

* c. 3100 BC: First stage in the construction of Stonehenge.

* c. 3100 BC – 2600 BC: Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland is inhabited.

* c. 3100 BC: Anu Ziggurat and White Temple in Uruk, Mesopotamia ( modern Warka, Iraq ) are built.

* c. 3100 BC: Humans develop their first writing system, cuneiform script.

* c. 3100 BC – Invention of writing in Ancient Near East

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )

Alexander of Hales ( c. 1185 — 1245 ) ( also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius ) also called Doctor Irrefragibilis ( by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi ) and Theologorum Monarcha was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

* SV — Save: number of games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher's team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either ( a ) the lead was three runs or fewer when the pitcher entered the game ; ( b ) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck ; or ( c ) the pitcher pitched three or more innings

How Gerrymandering can influence electoral results on a Voting system # Nonproportional and semiproportional methods | non-proportional system. Example for a state with 3 equally sized districts, 15 voters and 2 parties: Plum ( squares ) and Orange ( circles ). In ( a ), creating 3 mixed-type districts yields a 3 – 0 win to Plum — a disproportional result considering the state-wide 9: 6 Plum majority. In ( b ), Orange wins the urban district while Plum wins the rural districts — the 2-1 result reflects the state-wide vote ratio. In ( c ), gerrymandering techniques ensure a 2-1 win to the state-wide minority Orange party.

Here, according to an allegorical parable, " The Choice of Heracles ", invented by the sophist Prodicus ( c. 400 BC ) and reported in Xenophon's Memorabilia 2. 1. 21-34, he was visited by two nymphs — Pleasure and Virtue — who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter.

An early work, She ' iltot (" Questions ") by Achai of Shabcha ( c. 752 ), discusses over 190 Mitzvot — exploring and addressing various questions on these.

* The Shulchan Aruch HaRav of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( c. 1800 ) was an attempt to recodify the law as it stood at that time — incorporating commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch, and subsequent responsa — and thus stating the decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning.

The military exploits of the first three rulers — Chandragupta I ( c. 319 – 335 ), Samudragupta ( c. 335 – 376 ), and Chandragupta II ( c. 376 – 415 ) — brought much of India under their leadership.

So the parameters are: a — distance from center C to either vertex b — length of a perpendicular segment from each vertex to the asymptotes c — distance from center C to either Focus point, F < sub > 1 </ sub > and F < sub > 2 </ sub >, and θ — angle formed by each asymptote with the transverse axis.

Lucius Apuleius ( c. 123 — c.

1138 — 1193 ) holding Guy of Lusignan ( c. 1150 – 1194 ) captive in golden chains.

Moses also appears in other religious texts such as the Mishnah ( c. 200 AD ), Midrash ( AD 200 – 1200 ), and the Qur ' an ( c. 610 — 653 ).

* Yale University — D. Sc ( h. c .), 1959