With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

* c. 6200 BC: Beginning of the Xinglongwa culture in China

* c. 6200 BC: The 8. 2 kiloyear event was a sharp decrease in global temperatures that lasted for 2-4 hundred years, possibly caused by an influx of glacial meltwater into the North Atlantic ocean.

The Starčevo culture, sometimes included within a larger grouping known as the Starčevo – Kőrös – Criş culture, is an archaeological culture of Southeastern Europe, dating to the Neolithic period between c. 5500 and 4500 BCE ( according to other source, between 6200 and 5200 BCE ).

The culture disappeared during the 8. 2 kiloyear event, a term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8200 years before the present, or c. 6200 BCE, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )

Mural of David Alfaro Siqueiros in Tecpan, c. 1944

File: Mural by Lionel Walden, c. 1922, Hawaii Theatre, Honolulu, Hawaii. jpg | Lionel Waldren mural above proscenium

Mural in the burial chamber of artisan Sennedjem c. 1200 BCE </ center >

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark, painting by James Jacques Joseph Tissot, c. 1900

Japanese painting, c. 1300.

Saint Boniface ( c 680 – 750 ), Pope Gregory I ( c 540 – 604, r. 590 – 604 ), Adalbert of Egmond ( 8th century ), and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom, currently on display at the Frans Hals Museum.

Christ Crucified ( Velázquez ) | Crucifixion, representing the death of Jesus on the Christian Cross | Cross, painting by Diego Velázquez | D. Velázquez, 17th c.

A watercolor painting of Havana Bay, c. 1639.

Other known maps of the ancient world include the Minoan " House of the Admiral " wall painting from c. 1600 BCE, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective and an engraved map of the holy Babylonian city of Nippur, from the Kassite period ( 14th12th centuries BCE ).

* The Deposition ( Rogier van der Weyden ), an oil painting, c. 1435

There were also painted schemes in Basel ( the earliest dating from c. 1440 ); a series of paintings on canvas by Bernt Notke, in Lübeck ( 1463 ); the initial fragment of the original Bernt Notke painting ( accomplished at the end of the 15th century ) in the St Nicholas ' Church, Tallinn, Estonia ; the painting at the back wall of the chapel of Sv.

Romantic painting by Charles Gleyre ( 19th c .) celebrating the Helvetian victory over the Romans at Agen ( 107 BC ) under Divico | Divico ’ s command.

Bhimbetka | Bhimbetka rock painting, Madhya Pradesh, India ( c. 30, 000 years old )

Hans Baldung Grien ( c. 1484 – 1545 ) is a German artist in painting and printmaking who was considered the most gifted student of Albrecht Dürer.

The oldest icon of Christ Pantocrator, Encaustic painting | encaustic on panel, c. 6th century ( Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai ).

St Peter Encaustic painting | encaustic on panel, c. 6th century ( Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai ).

Exemplifying the French School are the early Avignon Pietà of Enguerrand Quarton ; the anonymous painting of King Jean le Bon ( c. 1360 ), possibly the oldest independent portrait in Western painting to survive from the postclassical era ; Hyacinthe Rigaud's Louis XIV ; Jacques-Louis David's The Coronation of Napoleon ; and Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People.

Unfinished painting of St. Jerome in the Wilderness, ( c. 1480 ), Apostolic Palace | Vatican.

Administering the Last Rites ( Dutch School ( painting ) | Dutch School, c. 1600 ).

Ancient Egyptian tomb painting depicting lute players, 18th Dynasty ( c. 1350 BC )

The Prophet Malachi, painting by Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1310 ( Museo dell ' Opera del Duomo, Siena Cathedral ).

Gregory the Great ( c 540 – 604 ) who established medieval themes in the Church, in a painting by Carlo Saraceni, c. 1610, Rome.

The Ale-House Door ( painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton )

An armillary sphere in a painting by Sandro Botticelli, c. 1480.