A theory supported among others by French historian and philologist Marie Henri d ' Arbois de Jubainville held that Ligurian was akin to Iberian and descended from a non-Indo-European substrate language once widespread in the western Mediterranean and roughly coterminous with the territory associated with the Cardium Pottery culture of the 6th and 5th millennium BC.

The main problem with Jubainville's theory is that there is nothing particularly " non-Indo-European " about the place name suffixes associated with a " Ligurian substrate ".

No link between Romance Ligurian and the Ligurian language of the ancient Ligurian populations, in the form of a substrate or otherwise, can be demonstrated by linguistic evidence.

In Argentina and Uruguay ( where many thousands of Ligurian people emigrated between the 19th and the 20th centuries ) farinata is known as fainá, similar to the original Genoese name fainâ.

The Phocaeans of Massalia founded the colony of Monoikos, named for its Ligurian inhabitants, in the 6th century B. C.

In the 10th century, once the danger of pirates decreased, the Ligurian territory was divided into three marches: Obertenga ( east ), Arduinica ( west ) and Aleramica ( centre ).

By the 2nd century BC the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna.

Pistoria ( in Latin other possible spellings are Pistorium or Pistoriae ) was centre of Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan settlements before becoming a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, along the important road Via Cassia: in 62 BC the demagogue Catiline and his fellow conspirators were slain nearby.

Sassarese emerged as an urban language of commerce in the age of Giudicati ( 13th-14th century ); it is based on a mixture of different languages, namely Corsican, Tuscan dialect and Ligurian ; a strong Logudorese influence can be felt in its phonetics, syntax, and vocabulary, a minor influence in vocabulary was exercised by Catalan and Spanish.

The population of Canegrate maintained its own homogeneity for a limited period of time, approximately a century, after which they blended with the Ligurian aboriginal populations to create a new culture called the Golasecca culture.

However, in nineteenth century linguistic descriptions, as well as in contemporary linguistic scholarship Mentonasc is described as an intermediate between Niçard and the Intemelio dialect of Ligurian.

An earlier view, which was prevalent for most of the 20th century and until about 1970, regarded Lepontic as a " para-Celtic " western Indo-European language, akin to but not part of Celtic, possibly related to Ligurian ( Whatmough 1933 and Pisani 1964 ).

During the 3rd century BC, the mountains of Versilia were slowly invaded by the Ligurian tribes who, coming from the north, stretched their area of influence as far south as the river Arno.

A settlement of pre-Roman origins on the west side of the Ligurian coast, it was founded around the 4th century BC on the slopes of the coastal hills, becoming the capital of the Ingauni Ligures tribe, who dedicated to marine activities and controlled a large territory between Finale and Sanremo.

There is, however, an uninterrupted literary tradition of Ligurian poets and writers that goes from the 13th century to the present, such as Luchetto ( the Genoese Anonym ), Martin Piaggio and Gian Giacomo Cavalli.

However, the ancient Ligurian language, which probably was Indo-European, is not directly connected to the Italian dialect spoken by the modern inhabitants of Liguria, nor to the modern Monegasque language.

According to the " travels of Hercules " theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area.

The Ligurian republic of Genoa, however, recovered fast from this blow and won back Lerici, conquered by the Pisans some years earlier, in 1256.

It was said by Pliny the Elder to have been founded by the Laevi and Marici, two Ligurian tribes, while Ptolemy attributes it to the Insubres.

Lucca was founded by the Etruscans ( there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement ) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC.

The city rises from the flat beach into gentle rising hills, then is bounded by surrounding mountains that represent the Southern and nearly the Western extent of the Ligurian Alps range.

The territory around Modena ( Latin: Mutina, Etruscan: Mutna ) was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans, and the Gaulish Boii ( the settlement itself being Etruscan ).

The Italian Riviera, or Ligurian Riviera is the narrow coastal strip which lies between the Ligurian Sea and the mountain chain formed by the Maritime Alps and the Apennines.

In 1797, under pressure from Napoleon, Genoa became a French protectorate called the Ligurian Republic, which was annexed by France in 1805.

Right because of this influence, the Ligurian territory was traversed by the Piedmontese and Austrian armies when these two states came into conflict with Versailles.

Napoleon ’ s first Italy campaign marked the end of the secular republic which, by the Emperor's will, was transformed into Ligurian Republic, according to the model of the French Republic.

Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here.

The finals against the Ligurian giants were marred by heavy crowd troubles.

The battle is characterized by several coalition attacks, repelled by French forces, until afternoon, when a final blow ordered by Suvorov caused the French to retreat in disorder through the mountains to the Ligurian coast.

It is said by Pliny the Elder to have been founded by the Laevi and Marici, two Ligurian tribes, while Ptolemy attributes it to the Insubres.

After 1720 the kingdom was a composite state and besides Sardinia included Duchy of Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Duchy of Aosta, Duchy of Monferrato, Vercelli and Asti, the Marquisate of Saluzzo and part of the Duchy of Milan ; Ligurian Republic, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and south-eastern France known as the Ligures.

Besides Liguria ( Ligurian Ligùria ), the language is traditionally spoken in coastal, northern Tuscany, southern Piedmont ( part of the province of Alessandria ), western extremes of Emilia-Romagna ( some areas in the province of Piacenza ), in northern and southern west parts of Sardinia ( Italy ), the Alpes-Maritimes of France ( mostly the Côte d ' Azur from the Italian border to and including Monaco ), and parts of Corsica ( France ).

* Vermenagna creek, Col de Tende-which connects them with the Ligurian Alps-and Roya ( east );

Afrikaans ( af ), Akan ( ak ), Albanian ( sq ), Arabic ( ar ), Armenian ( hy ), Assamese ( as ), Asturian ( ast ), Basque ( eu ), Belarusian ( be ), Bengali ( India and Bangladesh ) ( bn ), Bosnian ( bs ), Breton ( br ), Bulgarian ( bg ), Catalan ( ca ), Chinese ( Simplified and Traditional ) ( zh ), Croatian ( hr ), Czech ( cs ), Danish ( da ), Dutch ( nl ), English ( Britain, South Africa, and US ) ( en ), Esperanto ( eo ), Estonian ( et ), Finnish ( fi ), Fula ( ff ), French ( fr ), Frisian ( fy ), Friulian ( fur ) < sup id =" fn_1_back "> 1 </ sup >, Gaelic ( gd ), Galician ( gl ), Georgian ( ka ), German ( de ), Greek ( el ), Gujarati ( gu ), Hebrew ( he ), Hindi ( hi ), Hungarian ( hu ), Icelandic ( is ), Indonesian ( id ), Irish ( ga ), Italian ( it ), Japanese ( ja ), Kannada ( kn ), Kashubian ( csb ), Khmer ( km ), Kazakh ( kk ), Korean ( ko ), Kurdish ( ku ), Latvian ( lv ), Ligurian ( lig ), Lithuanian ( lt ), Luganda ( lg ), Macedonian ( mk ), Maithili ( mai ), Malayalam ( ml ), Marathi ( mr ), Northern Sotho ( nso ), Mongolian ( mn ) < sup id =" fn_2_back "> 2 </ sup >, Norwegian ( Bokmål ) ( no ), Norwegian ( Nynorsk ) ( nn ), Occitan ( oc ), Oriya ( or ), Persian ( fa ), Polish ( pl ), Portuguese ( Brazil and Portugal ) ( pt ), Punjabi ( pa ), Romanian ( ro ), Romansh ( rm ), Russian ( ru ), Serbian ( sr ), Sinhala ( si ), Slovak ( sk ), Slovenian ( sl ), Songhai ( son ), Spanish ( Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Spain ) ( es ), Swedish ( sv ), Tamil ( ta ), Tamil ( Sri Lanka ) ( ta ), Tatar ( tt ) < sup id =" fn_1_back "> 1 </ sup >, Telugu ( te ), Thai ( th ), Turkish ( tr ), Ukrainian ( uk ), Vietnamese ( vi ), Welsh ( cy ), Zulu ( zu )

The Province of Savona ( Italian: Provincia di Savona ; Ligurian: Provinsa de Sann-a ) is a province in the Liguria region of Italy.

Like most of the de Noli families with Ligurian ancestry, the coat of arms of the family of Antonio de Noli and his descendants carries the red and white colours of the ancient cities of Noli and Genoa.

* The lower Valdarno, with the valley of important tributaries such as the Pesa, Elsa and Era and in which, after Pontedera, the Arno flows into the Ligurian Sea.

Bonaparte's armada sailed from Toulon on 19 May 1798, making rapid progress through the Ligurian Sea and collecting more ships at Genoa before sailing southwards along the Sardinian coast, passing Sicily on 7 June.

Returning to the fleet at the Tagus in late April 1798, he was ordered to collect the squadron stationed at Gibraltar and sail for the Ligurian Sea.

The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are closer to the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian.

The northern coast faces the Ligurian Sea ; the eastern coast the Piombino Channel ; the southern coast the Tyrrhenian Sea ; while the Corsica channel divides the western tip of the Island from neighbouring Corsica.

From 1891 onwards, Puccini spent most of his time at Torre del Lago, a small community about fifteen miles from Lucca situated between the Ligurian Sea and Lake Massaciuccoli, just south of Viareggio.

Including islands, Italy has a coastline of on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Sea.

The Alpine mountain range is linked with the Apennines with the Colle di Cadibona pass in the Ligurian Alps.

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its dialect weight, though the Venetian language remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian ( or Genoese ) remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean.

These include recognized language groups such as, Neapolitan, Sardinian, Sicilian, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian, and others, and regional variants of these languages such as Calabrian.

* In Monaco, some Occitan speakers coexist with remaining native Monegasque ( Ligurian ) speakers.

The Po (,, ancient Ligurian: Bodincus or Bodencus, ) is a river that flows either or – considering the length of the Maira, a right bank tributary – eastward across northern Italy, from a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso ( in the Cottian Alps ) through a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice.

The name has been segmented as Bod-encus or Bod-incus, the suffix being characteristic of the ancient Ligurian language of northern Italy, southern France, Corsica and elsewhere.

The word Bodincus appears in the place name Bodincomagus, a Ligurian town on the right bank of the Po downstream from today ’ s Turin.

A Ligurian ( farinata ) and Tuscan ( cecina ) regional dish made from chickpea flour, water, salt and olive oil.

* November 9 – A British Royal Air Force C-130 crashes into the Ligurian Sea near Leghorn, Italy, killing all 51 people on board.

He then crossed the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50 km south-west of Genoa.