If a party is dissatisfied with the finding of such a tribunal, one generally has the power to request a trial " de novo " by a court of record.

* 1792 – Maximilien de Robespierre presents the petition of the Commune of Paris to the Legislative Assembly, which demanded the formation of a revolutionary tribunal.

* the standard of review and degree of deference given by an appellate tribunal to the decision of the lower tribunal under review ( issues of law are reviewed de novo, that is, " as if new " from scratch by the appellate tribunal, while most issues of equity are reviewed for " abuse of discretion ," that is, with great deference to the tribunal below ).

In law, the expression trial de novo means a " new trial " by a different tribunal ( de novo is a Latin expression meaning " afresh ", " anew ", " beginning again ", hence the literal meaning " new trial ").

The Supreme Court of Virginia said this in Santen v. Tuthill, 265 Va. 492 ( 2003 ), about the practice of an appeal from district court trial de novo to circuit court: " This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to ' annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.

On this square, there also is the Palais Rusca, which also belongs to the justice department ( home of the tribunal de grande instance ).

The fact that, in little more than a month, Pope Clement V died in torment of the loathsome disease thought to be lupus, and that in eight months Philip IV of France, at the early age of forty-six, perished by an accident while hunting, necessarily gave rise to the legend that de Molay had cited them before the tribunal of God.

On 12 April, Banza presented his case before a military tribunal at Camp de Roux, where he admitted to his plan, but stated that he had not planned to kill Bokassa.

From 25 August to 3 September 1792, he was held at Nivelles ; then transferred to Luxemburg where an Austrian-Prussian-French royalist military tribunal declared him, César de La Tour-Maubourg, Jean Bureaux de Pusy, and Alexandre de Lameth, all previously deputies in the French National Convention, to be " prisoners of state " for their leading roles in the Revolution.

** Henri Wallon, Histoire du tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris ( 1880-1882 )

In most cases, this first level appeal is " trial de novo " ( or a ' hearing de novo ), in a tribunal of record.

* November 2-French dramatist Olympe de Gouges is sentenced to death by a revolutionary tribunal.

* Histoire du tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris avec le journal de ses actes ( 6 vols., 1880 – 1882 )

In 1834, Ignacio Echevarría and José María Tornel drafted the Plan of Cuernavaca, which permitted Antonio López de Santa Anna to disregard the laws protecting church property, exile Valentín Gómez Farías, reopen the university, and dissolve the tribunal that was set to convict Anastasio Bustamante for the assassination of Vicente Guerrero.

Decorative 18th century door piece from the Vierschaar ( city tribunal ) in Old City Hall ( The Hague ) | City Hall of The Hague, by Jacob de Wit, illustrating Audi alteram partem.

The lowest civil court of France, the tribunal de première instance (" Court of Common Pleas "), has original jurisdiction over most civil matters except areas of specialist exclusive jurisdiction, those being mainly land estates, business and consumer matters, social security, and labor.

All criminal matters may pass summarily through the lowest criminal court, the tribunal de police, but each court has both original and limited jurisdiction over certain separate levels of offences:

Moreover, inmates are brought to the tribunal in overcrowded police vans, so that a healthy inmate may breathe the same air of one with tuberculosis.

The tribunal ( led by Sir John Eldon Bankes, a former Lord Justice of Appeal ) began sitting on 15 May 1928 ; Hastings, Henry Curtis-Bennett and Walter Frampton represented Savidge, and Norman Birkett represented the police.

In another case, the country's senior Asian police officer Tarique Ghaffur was considering commencing an employment tribunal over being sidelined by Sir Ian Blair in Olympics security planning, and being asked to keep quiet about his concerns about the new 42 days detention laws for terror suspects.

The International Marxist Group leaders on 15 June-Brian Heron and David Bailey-initially denied charging the first police cordon but later admitted doing so to the Scarman tribunal.

Tracked, arrested and interrogated by the French police, the show trial of the 23 members was held in front of a German military tribunal at the hôtel Continental.

Sheehy-Skeffington testified to a tribunal as a witness to the arrest of the leading trade unionist Jim Larkin on O ' Connell street and the subsequent police riot against a peaceful crowd that had occurred on the last weekend of August in 1914.

* tribunal correctionnel (" Criminal Court "): felonies or indictable offences generally ;

Justice is generally administered under French law by a tribunal of first instance in Matâ ' Utu, but the three traditional chiefdoms administer justice according to customary law (" coutume ", only for non criminal cases ).

The Inquisitors of the Living Crystal: This three-person tribunal of blue-skinned judges is first seen in the second episode of the first season, " Le cristal vivant " (" The Living Crystal ").

Judges and other officials of the tribunal (" each and everyone pertaining to the tribunal in any way ") would be subject to automatic excommunication if they revealed anything about the conduct of the trial, even after the verdict had been declared and put into effect.

As the term's Latin meaning (" unless first ") indicates, the term " of nisi prius " denotes the court or tribunal that originally decided a case or an interlocutory matter rather than a higher court being appealed to.

I fought like a tigress but by the time I appealed my case to the Supreme Court ( 1937 ), Mr. Roosevelt and his `` henchmen '' had done their `` dirty work '' all too well, even going so far as to attempt to `` pack '' the highest tribunal in the land in order to defeat little me.

The Supreme Court of Virginia has stated that '" This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to " annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial.

A Supreme Court served as the appellate tribunal ; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review was never constituted despite statutory authorization.

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

Pursuant to Article 158 of the Basic Law ( the constitutional instrument of the Region ), the power of final interpretation of the Law is vested not in the Court of Final Appeal but in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, which, unlike the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, is a political body rather than an independent and impartial tribunal of last resort.

On March 7, 2003, the war tribunal Special Court for Sierra Leone ( SCSL ) decided to summon Charles Taylor and charge him with war crimes and crimes against humanity, but they kept this decision and this charge secret until June that year.

Section 1 ( 4 ) has effect in relation to proceedings in the Court of Justice of the European Communities as it has effect in relation to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.

The tribunal referred their findings to the chief prosecutor at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.

The Court of Cassation quashed the sentence, through defect of form, and sent Babeuf for a new trial before the Aisne tribunal, which acquitted him on 18 July 1794, only days before the Thermidorian Reaction.

With this, the Special Court became the first-ever UN backed tribunal to deliver a guilty verdict for the military conscription of children.

The Mexican newspaper, The News, reported that “ a tribunal of three circuit court judges ruled that there was not enough proof to link Echeverria to the violent suppression of hundreds of protesting students on Oct. 2, 1968 .” Despite the ruling, prosecutor Carrillo Prieto said he would continue his investigation and seek charges against Echeverria before the United Nations International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission.

In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the jurisdiction of a U. S. military tribunal over the trial of several German saboteurs in the US.

Judge James Robertson of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that no competent tribunal had found that Hamdan was not a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions.

This was Marshall's first of many triumphs in front of the nation's highest tribunal ; the Court ruled in favor of the defendants, and overturned their convictions.

He sat as a Judge in the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords ( the highest domestic Court in the United Kingdom ), and was a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( the senior tribunal of the British Empire ( except for the United Kingdom ) and, latterly, parts of the Commonwealth ).

The FIA International Court of Appeal is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport.

Germany also agreed to sign arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, undertaking to refer disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice.

Similarly, they noted that the Yaser Hamdi Supreme Court case ( Hamdi v. Rumsfeld ) upon which the court relied, required a habeas corpus hearing for any alleged enemy combatant who demands one, claiming not to be such a combatant, which would require additional judicial or military tribunal oversight over each such detention.

Under English ecclesiastical law, the Court of Faculties is a tribunal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and is attached to the office of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

In some cases, there may be some confusion as to whether a case should be heard before an administrative law court or judicial court, in which case the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes, or tribunal des conflits, sat by an even number of State councillors and Supreme Court justices and chaired by the Minister of Justice, is convened to decide to whom the matter shall be vested.