The first recorded use of the term Bretwalda comes from a West Saxon chronicle of the late 9th century that applied the term to Ecgberht, who ruled from 802 to 839.

According to the 802. 16-2004 standard, broadband means " having instantaneous bandwidths greater than 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater than about 1. 5 Mbit / s.

Legend has it that in 802 CE, Jayavarman II, king of the Khmers, first came to the Kuhlen hills, the future site of Angkor Wat.

If precise dates are required, the beginning may be set in 802 AD, when the founder of the Khmer Empire, Jayavarman II pronounced himself universal monarch ( chakravartin ) and declared independence from Java, and the end may be set in 1431 AD, when Thai invaders from the kingdom of Ayutthaya sacked Angkor and caused the Khmer elite to migrate to Phnom Penh.

* Chirp Spread Spectrum, a modulation concept, part of the standard IEEE 802. 15. 4aCSS

A 2011 estimate shows an increase to 100, 802.

As DECT and do not operate in the ISM band, they are not subject to the nor cause interference arising in this band from its use by 802. 11b and 802. 11g Wi-Fi, and cordless phones.

Ethernet was commercially introduced in 1980 and standardized in 1985 as IEEE 802. 3.

Ingrid Fromm, Siemens ' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group " Local Networks " within the European standards body ECMA TC24.

As early as March 1982 ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached agreement on a standard for CSMA / CD based on the IEEE 802 draft.

Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within IEEE, the IEEE 802. 3 CSMA / CD standard was approved in December 1982.

IEEE published the 802. 3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.

Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action with Fromm as liaison officer working to integrate International Electrotechnical Commission, TC83 and International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) TC97SC6, and the ISO / IEEE 802 / 3 standard was approved in 1984.

As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC address.

The Linksys WRT54G contains an 802. 11b / g radio with two antennas

The most popular are those defined by the 802. 11b and 802. 11g protocols, which are amendments to the original standard.

802. 11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard, but 802. 11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802. 11g and 802. 11n.

Because of this choice of frequency band, 802. 11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices.

802. 11b and 802. 11g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( OFDM ) signaling methods, respectively.

Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802. 11b and 802. 11g fall within the 2. 4 GHz amateur radio band.

Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802. 11b / g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations, allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption.

Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802. 11 for 10 years and has been called the " father of Wi-Fi " was involved in designing the initial 802. 11b and 802. 11a standards within the IEEE.

Legacy 802. 11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802. 11b.

However, this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802. 11a is less than that of 802. 11b / g.

In theory, 802. 11a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as those of 802. 11b.

In the US, 802. 11a and 802. 11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations.

In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802. 11g.

802. 11g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802. 11b hardware and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput when compared to 802. 11a by ~ 21 %.

The then-proposed 802. 11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs.

Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process ; in an 802. 11g network, however, activity of an 802. 11b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802. 11g network.

Networking advances IEEE 802. 1aq ( SPB ) include the use of the link-state routing protocol IS-IS to allow larger networks with shortest path routes between devices.

The 802. 11 family consists of a series of half-duplex over-the-air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol.

802. 11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use.

At one extreme, Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802. 11b, while other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11, and France only allowed 10, 11, 12 and 13.

Most IEEE 802 protocols, as well as FDDI, always use 802. 2.

In IEEE 802. 3x-1997, the IEEE Ethernet standard was changed to explicitly allow the use of the 16-bit field after the MAC addresses to be used as a length field or a type field.

Most ISPs are small Bamako based providers with a VSAT connection, a cyber cafe and use wireless systems ( Alviron, 802. 11a, b, g, Motorola ) to share their service with their clients.

The use of Wake-on-LAN technology on enterprise networks can sometimes conflict with network access control solutions such as 802. 1x or MAC-based authentication, which may prevent magic packet delivery if a machine's WoL hardware has not been designed to maintain a live authentication session while in a sleep state.

In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, including Ethernet, Fibre Channel, ATM, ITU-T G. hn and 802. 11.

IEEE 802. 1aq ( Shortest Path Bridging SPB ) allows all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths, provides much larger layer 2 topologies ( up to 16 million compared to the 4096 VLANs limit ), faster convergence times, and improves the use of the mesh topologies through increase bandwidth and redundancy between all devices by allowing traffic to load share across all paths of a mesh network.

Certain IEEE 802. 11 standards use DSSS signaling.

Although FDDI logical topology is a ring-based token network, it does not use the IEEE 802. 5 token ring protocol as its basis ; instead, its protocol is derived from the IEEE 802. 4 token bus timed token protocol.

IEEE 802. 15. 4 allows the use of two frequency bands: 868 – 915 MHz using BPSK and at 2. 4 GHz using OQPSK.

IEEE 802. 3ab, ratified in 1999, defines gigabit Ethernet transmission over unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) category 5, 5e, or 6 cabling and became known as 1000BASE-T. With the ratification of 802. 3ab, gigabit Ethernet became a desktop technology as organizations could use their existing copper cabling infrastructure.

A " Lo-fi " wireless connection also refers to the process by which unprotected wireless ( 802. 11 ) access points ( AP's ) are mapped and labeled for unrestricted use by anyone.

IEEE approves the use of such a mechanism in par 6. 11 of IEEE 802. 1ad-2005.

Low-speed peripherals ( such as an 802. 11 Wi-Fi card ) use a single-lane (× 1 ) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider ( and thus, faster ) 16-lane link.