It is not until the 13th-century French prose romances, including the Lancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, that Camelot began to supersede Caerleon, and even then, many descriptive details applied to Camelot derive from Geoffrey's earlier grand depiction of the Welsh town.

13th-century depiction of Henry II of England | Henry II and John's siblings: ( l to r ) William IX, Count of Poitiers | William, Henry the Young King | Henry, Richard I of England | Richard, Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony | Matilda, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany | Geoffrey, Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile | Eleanor, Joan of England, Queen of Sicily | Joan and John

A 13th-century depiction of John with two hunting dog s

A 13th-century depiction of the Second Battle of Lincoln, which occurred at Lincoln Castle on 20 May 1217 during the First Barons ' War between the forces of the future Louis VIII of France and those of King Henry III of England.

The poem is notable for its interest in law and legal practice and its exploration of ideal kingship, as well as for its detailed depiction of working-class life in 13th-century Lincolnshire.

A 13th-century depiction of John the Oxite's imprisonment from William of Tyre's Histoire d ' Outremer, in the care of the British Museum

A 13th-century depiction of Bohemund and Tancred from a manuscript in the care of the Bibliothèque nationale de France

A 13th-century depiction of battle outside Antioch from William of Tyre's Histoire d ' Outremer, in the care of the British Museum

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th-and 13th-century chroniclers.

Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th-century manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation, but John Koch's view that the passage dates from a 7th-century or earlier version is regarded as unproven ; 9th-or 10th-century dates are often proposed for it.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

Among historical landmarks in the town are a free-standing 17th-century clock tower, a grand town hall originally designed by Sir John Vanbrugh, Collingwood House the Georgian home of Admiral Lord Collingwood, and a 13th-century chapel called The Chantry which is now the tourist information centre and houses such cultural institutions as the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum.

In the early 13th-century, King John of England was under pressure after a quarrel with Pope Innocent III led to England being placed under an interdict, by which all forms of worship and other religious practices were banned.

The village includes the 13th-century St. Leonard's parish church, which retains the original arcades and has an 18th-century west tower built for Sir John Danvers.

* John Hooke ( academic ), 13th-century Chancellor of the University of Cambridge

The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries comprising the major crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.

The Principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.

In the 13th-century versions of the diagram, the caption " FILIUS " is placed in the bottom node, and often a cross is drawn in the link between the center node and the bottom node, in order to symbolize the idea that the Second Person of the Trinity entered into the world ( or that " The Word was made flesh ", as is stated in a Latin annotation on the diagram included in Matthew Paris ' Chronica Majora which quotes from the Vulgate of John verse 1: 14 ).

; Left: A slightly schematized version of the forms of the diagram found in several 13th-century manuscripts, including a 1208-1216 manuscript of Peter of Poitiers ' Compendium Historiae in Genealogia Christi, the heraldic shields in Matthew Paris ' " Chronica Majora " ( 1250-1259 A. D .), and a 1247-1258 manuscript of the writings of John of Wallingford.

Henry of Livonia ( Henricus de Lettis ) in his 13th-century Latin chronicle described a tribe called the Vindi.

Henry I from a 13th-century manuscript of Matthew Paris

According to the late 13th-century Hundred Rolls, King Henry II of England ( d. 1189 ) gave William of Wrotham lands at North Petherton.

The site was previously occupied by a fortified manor house founded by Henry de Percy, the 13th-century chapel and undercroft of which still survive.

One of Henry's main sources was the Venerable Bede and the 13th-century chronicler, Roger of Wendovers main source was Henry, although it is probable that he had access to information from manuscripts and oral sources now lost in history.

Of two hymns, Stabat Mater Dolorosa ( about the Sorrows of Mary ) and Stabat Mater Speciosa ( joyfully referring to the Nativity of Jesus ), Stabat Mater usually refers to the first, a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary, variously attributed to the Franciscan Jacopone da Todi and to Innocent III.

Gibson portrays William Wallace, a 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England.

The earliest example we have of a recognisable ballad in form in England is ‘ Judas ’ in a 13th-century manuscript.

A somewhat corrupt version of the same story is preserved in the 13th-century Vitae duorum Offarum, where, however, the scene is transferred to England.

In 13th-century England, Roger Bacon described the use of a camera obscura for the safe observation of solar eclipses.

Category: 13th-century establishments in England

In 13th-century England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy the term " feodum " was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of knight service and occasional financial payments ( feudal incidents ).

Category: 13th-century establishments in England

Others include the 13th-century Church of St Margaret the Queen in Buxted, East Sussex ,, St Margaret of Scotland, Aberdeen and the Church of England church in Budapest.

Category: 13th-century establishments in England

* The Church of England parish church of the Assumption of Saint Mary the Virgin, in the centre of Hinckley, is 13th-century.

Category: 13th-century establishments in England

The town has a 13th-century mace with three kings and an angel on it, and is the oldest staff of office in England.

The term ranger first appeared in 13th-century England.

Roger Bacon described the properties of magnifying glass in 13th-century England.

In 13th-century England, Sarum chant was notated using square noteheads, a practice which subsequently spread throughout Europe ; in Germany, a variant called Gothic neumes continued to be used until the 16th century.

The Compass ( drafting ) | compass in this 13th-century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation myth | Creation.

An early 13th-century drawing by Matthew Paris showing contemporary warfare, including the use of castle s, crossbow men and Knight | mounted knights

A 13th-century manuscript from Augustine's book VII of Confessions ( St. Augustine ) | Confessions criticizing Manichaeism.

Medieval artistic illustration of the spherical Earth in a 13th-century copy of Gautier de Metz | L ' Image du monde ( ca.

Tamar as depicted on a 13th-century mural from the Kintsvisi Monastery | Kintsvisi monastery

The compass in this 13th-century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation myth | creation.

Interior view of the Nasr Mosque, converted from a Kingdom of Jerusalem | Crusader church to a mosque in the 13th-century

St. George and the Dragon, 13th-century mural, chapel of the former Knights Templar Commandry ( feudalism ) | commandery in Coulommiers, France

13th-century Novgorod as represented in Sergei Eisenstein's Alexander Nevsky ( film ) | Alexander Nevsky ( 1938 )

The central hall of a Medieval Merchant's House | restored 13th-century house, originally built with the profits from European trade

View of the 13th-century nave in the English Gothic architecture # Early English Gothic | early English style which was restored in 1974.