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Chinese and alchemical
A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.
One difference between mythology and science is exemplified in Chinese mythology: Shennong and Huangdi ( often known as " the Yellow Emperor ") were supposedly friends and fellow scholars, despite the 500 years or seventeen or eighteen generations between the first Shennong and Huangdi ; and, that together they shared the alchemical secrets of medicine, immortality, and making gold.
The most famous Chinese alchemical book, the Tan Chin Yao Ch ’ eh (" Great Secrets of Alchemy ," dating from approximately 650 AD ), discusses in detail the creation of elixirs for immortality ( mercury, sulfur, and the salts of mercury and arsenic are prominent, and most are ironically poisonous ) as well as those for curing certain diseases and the fabrication of precious stones.
According to J. C. Cooper's " Chinese Alchemy: The Taoist Quest for Immortality ," Taoism had two distinct parts, the classical Tao Chia, which was mystical and stemmed primarily from Laozi and Zhuangzi, and the more popular Tao Chiao, which was the popular, magical and alchemical side of Taoism.
Doctrine can be accessed to describe these methods in greater detail ; the majority of Chinese alchemical sources can be found in the Taozang, the " Taoist Canon ".
The meaning of waidan derives from wai ( outside, exterior ) and dan referring to alchemical operations, such as the preparation of chemical elixirs, made from cinnabar, realgar, and other substances generally involving mercury, sulfur, lead, and arsenic or else the animal and botanical products which are found in Chinese herbology and Traditional Chinese medicine.
" Chinese alchemical yoga depended on exercises, breathing techniques, and an ordered and balanced diet which was designed to increase longevity.
Recent surveys of the history of Daoism in Chinese have also emphasized Ge ’ s importance in the history of science, based on his detailed descriptions of alchemical processes, which are frequently studied in terms of modern chemistry.
While other Chinese sources was found to discredit the Liu An invention theory, stating Liu An lived with a lot of vegetarian monks and the method was taught by them, or it is the Chinese daoists that was recruited by him used alchemy methods and made both soy milk and bean curd in a more alchemical method as medicines of eternal life, and Liu An is only the powerful noble at that time where he can order the mass-production of such items and spread it around thus making him famous for soy milk and bean curd.

Chinese and text
* Wills, Jr., John E. Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History ( 1994 ) excerpt and text search 20 essays on leading figures across 4000 years
The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History ( 2008 ), a favorable look at artistic production excerpt and text search
Chinese History in Economic Perspective, University of California Press, 1992 complete text online free
He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study () that opens the text.
This formulary was also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful " patterns " ( zheng 證 ) that could serve as targets for therapy.
The first systematic Chinese historical text, Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, was written by Sima Qian.
* Wengu text database ( Classic of Poetry, Analects of Confucius, Tao Te Ching, and I Ching, in Chinese and translations )
* Chinese classic text online
The Tao Te Ching, Daodejing, or Dao De Jing ( 道德經: 道 dào " way "; 德 dé " virtue "; 經 jīng " classic " or " book ") also simply referred to as the Laozi, is a Chinese classic text.
The text is fundamental to both philosophical and religious Taoism ( Daojia,, Pinyin: Dàojiā ; Daojiao,, Pinyin: Dàojiào ) and strongly influenced other schools, such as Legalism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts.
The received Tao Te Ching is a short text of around 5, 000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections ().
Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English.
Critics of these versions, such as Taoism scholar Eugene Eoyang, claim that translators like Stephen Mitchell produce readings of the Tao Te Ching that deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought.
Chinese calligraphic influence had been weakened after the Heian period ; this text was an example of the different way it was evolving in Japan.
The foundational text of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing, or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, which is composed of two books: the Suwen 素問 (" Basic Questions ") and the Lingshu 靈樞 (" Divine Pivot ").
This text and its thirty-three manifestations of Guanyin, of which seven are female manifestations, is known to have been very popular in Chinese Buddhism as early as in the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.
The famous 14th century Chinese text of the Huolongjing, which was the first to describe hollow cast iron cannonball shells filled with gunpowder, was also the first to describe the invention of the land mine in greater detail than references found in texts written beforehand.
However, further description of how this flint device operated was not made until a Chinese text of 1606 AD revealed that a weight drive ( common in medieval clockworks ) had been used to work the ' steel wheel '.
The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a parallel Chinese text ( for example, nair = sun, sair = moon, tau = five, jau = hundred, m. r = horse, im. a = goat, n. q = dog, m. ng = silver, ju. un = summer, n. am. ur = autumn, u. ul = winter, heu. ur = spring, tau. l. a = rabbit, t. q. a = hen and m. g. o = snake ).
However, some written languages like Chinese, Japanese and Thai do not mark word boundaries in such a fashion, and in those languages text segmentation is a significant task requiring knowledge of the vocabulary and morphology of words in the language.
In Kuei-t ' ien-lu, a Chinese text redacted in the 11th century, domino cards were printed during the Tang Dynasty, contemporary to the first printed books.
According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappae mundi ( Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek ) including one of Christopher Columbus.
This text also mentioned the use of the first known multistage rocket, the ' fire-dragon issuing from the water ' ( huo long chu shui ), used mostly by the Chinese navy.
Many visual effects are possible, and the SVG specification automatically handles bidirectional text ( for composing a combination of English and Arabic text, for example ), vertical text ( as Chinese was historically written ) and characters along a curved path ( such as the text around the edge of the Great Seal of the United States ).

Chinese and from
And, after becoming the right-hand man of Enver Pasha, he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new Turkish Empire embracing `` the union of all Turks throughout Central Asia from Adrianople to the Chinese oases on the Silk Trade Route ''.
Bursting from the lips of a charging cavalry trooper was the last sound heard on this earth by untold numbers of Cheyennes, Sioux and Apaches, Mexican banditos under Pancho Villa, Japanese in the South Pacific, and Chinese and North Korean Communists in Korea.
however the President, who would like to woo the former Chinese province away from both Peking and Moscow, would promise Chen nothing more than an abstention by the U.S. if Outer Mongolia's admission comes to a vote.
Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.
But the `` marvelous person '' that is supposed to result from Zen exhibits more Chinese practicality than Indian speculation -- he possesses magical powers, and can use them to order nature and to redeem souls.
They range in size from the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), which can grow to a length of, to the diminutive Thorius pennatulus from Mexico which seldom exceeds.
A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) and the hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) from North America.
The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.
The Chinese abacus migrated from China to Korea around 1400 AD.
Two binary abaci constructed by Dr. Robert C. Good, Jr., made from two Chinese abaci
In Chinese astronomy, the stream of water flowing from the Water Jar was depicted as the " Army of Yu-Lin " ( Yu-lin-kiun ).
Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century.
Chinese měiguórén for example, is derived from a word for the United States, měiguó, where měi is an abbreviation for Yàměilìjiā " America " and guó is " country ".
This type of cooking typically caters to American styles and differs significantly from traditional Chinese cuisine.
In the 19th century, Chinese in San Francisco operated sophisticated and sometimes luxurious restaurants patronized mainly by Chinese, while restaurants in smaller towns served what their customers requested, ranging from pork chop sandwiches and apple pie to beans and eggs.
Restaurants ( along with Chinese laundries ) provided an ethnic niche for small businesses at a time when the Chinese people were excluded from most jobs in the wage economy by ethnic discrimination or lack of language fluency.
Even more divergent are American stir-fry dishes inspired by Chinese food, that may contain brown rice instead of white, or those with grated cheese ; milk products are almost always absent from traditional Chinese food.
Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Homeopathy and Naturopathy are cited as examples The term appears to have entered into usage through the National Institute of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( NCCAM ), which began to employ it as a substitute for alternative medical systems as a way of differentiating widely comprehensive systems of medicine, such as Ayurvedic medicine, from specialized alternative approaches.
Chinese astronomers were able to view what is modern Antlia from their latitudes, and incorporated its stars into two different constellations.
Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.
Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this " Harvard Bixi | Chinese stele ", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by acid rain.

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