Rival Muslim dynasties such as the Fatimids of Egypt and the Umayyads of al-Andalus were also major intellectual centres with cities such as Cairo and Córdoba rivaling Baghdad.

Abu Sayyaf (;, ASG, ) also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several military Islamist separatist groups based in and around the southern Philippines, in Bangsamoro ( Jolo and Basilan ), where for almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency for an independent province in the country.

Many Muslim musicians also perform a form of a cappella music called nasheed or Tawasheeh.

After this event many Jews emigrated, in two waves ; some fled to the Muslim lands of the Ottoman Empire, but many also went to Christian Europe, first to northern Italy, then to the Netherlands, and later to England.

Bethlehem has a Muslim majority, but is also home to one of the largest Palestinian Christian communities.

The manufacturer also hoped to increase exports ( Unilever UK & Ireland Export ) to Asian countries such as Malaysia, a primarily Muslim country where the government was becoming restrictive regarding non-halal meat.

Much of the Muslim world uses Sharia ( also called Islamic law ).

It is also less geographically cohesive than the Muslim world, which stretches almost continuously from North Africa to South Asia.

He also met the Muslim Generals Ma Hongbin and Ma Hongkui separately.

Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.

He also financed armed groups in mainland China, such as Muslim soldiers of the ROC Army left in Yunnan under Li Mi, to continue to fight.

Chiang also supported the Muslim General Ma Zhongying, whom he had trained at Whampoa Military Academy during the Kumul Rebellion, in a Jihad against Jin Shuren, Sheng Shicai, and the Soviet Union during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang.

Other Muslim sects, like the Xidaotang and Sufi brotherhoods like Jahriyya and Khuffiya were also supported by his regime.

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

This was an era when other Muslim nations, like Turkey and Egypt were also on the path to modernization.

" However, Beckingham and Huntingford have a much higher opinion of Álvares testimony, stating that not only is it " incomparably more detailed than any earlier account of Ethiopia that has survived ; it is also a very important source for Ethiopian history, for it was written just before the country was devastated by the Muslim Somali and pagan Galla invasions of the second quarter of the sixteenth century.

A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ), rather than to achieve additional divine reward.

In Morocco, where king Mohammed VI is also Amir al-Muminin ( Commander of the Faithful ), the authorities have tried to organize the field by creating a scholars ' council ( conseil des oulémas ) composed of Muslim scholars ( ulama ), which is the only one allowed to issue fatāwā.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

Firearms known as top-o-tufak also existed in many Muslim kingdoms in India by as early as 1366 AD.

Cornwall was however an unorthodox Muslim, and his interest in local peoples included their magical and spiritual beliefs, to which he also introduced Gardner, who took a particular interest in the kris, a ritual knife with magical uses.

Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when Al-Mansur ( also known as Almanzor ) sacked Barcelona in 985.

The word sunnah ( custom ) is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early Muslim community.

) The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity.

The Muslim holiday of Eid ul-Fitr (, " festivity of breaking the fast "), sometimes spelled in English as Eid al-Fitr, marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of the next lunar month called Shawwal in Arabic.

A waqf also spelled wakf, (, pronounced ; plural, awqāf ;, ) is, under the context of ' sadaqah ', an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically denoting a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes.

The Battle of Yarmouk (, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or, in Greek, Hieromyax, Ἱερομύαξ, or Iermouchas, Ιερμουχάς ) was a major battle between the Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the armies of the Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire.

Bai Chongxi ( 18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966 ; ), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China ( ROC ) and a prominent Chinese Nationalist Muslim leader.

Imam Shamil (; ; ) ( pronounced " Shameel ") also spelled Shamyl, Schamil, Schamyl or Shameel ( 1797 – March 1871 ) was an Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus.

Dakhini () also spelled Dakkhani and Deccani, arose as a Muslim court language of the Deccan Plateau ca.

Hajji (,, al-ḥajjī or الحاج al-ḥājj,,,,, pilgrim ; sometimes spelled Hadji or Haji ) or El-Hajj, is an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca, and is often used to refer to an elder, since it can take time to accumulate the wealth to fund the travel.

Arif ( also spelled Aref in Persian, ) is a common male given name in various Muslim countries, such as Iran, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey.

Hosay is the local manifestation of the Shia Muslim Remembrance of Muharram in Trinidad and Tobago ( where is it spelled Hussay ).

Abu Sa ' id Zarir Gorgani (), also spelled Gorgani, was a 9th-century Muslim mathematician and astronomer from Gorgan, Iran.

The Byzantine naval predominance lasted until the early 9th century, when a succession of disasters at the hands of the resurgent Muslim fleets spelled its end and inaugurated an era that would represent the zenith of Muslim ascendancy.

The term has been largely superseded by " Muslim ", " Moslem " or " Islamic ", but was commonly used only in Western literature until at least the mid-1960s.

Muslim is more commonly used today than Moslem, and the term Mohammedan is widely considered archaic or in some cases even offensive.

* Moslem ( Muslim )

( b ,) The world at the beginning of the eighth century ( Christianity on the point of being crushed by the Muslim | Moslem s .).

Volga Bulgaria's Muslim community preferred to call themselves Muslims ( Möselmannar ), but used the word Bolghar to distinguish themselves from nomadic Moslem Kipchaks.

Along with this venture he started the organ of the American Muslim Propagation Movement called Moslem World.

# Singleton, Brent D., " The Moslem World: A History of America's Earliest Islamic Newspaper and Its Successors ," ( August 2007 ) Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol.

Despite all these disadvantages the greatest reason of loss was betrayed by two Muslim commanders ( Gilani Brothers ) of Vijaynagara Army. At the critical point of war Moslem officers in the Vijayanagaran army to launch a subversive attack.