The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira ( lūrā ) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires.

The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih of the 9th century ( d. 911 ) cited the Byzantine lyra, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments as a bowed instrument equivalent to the Arab rabāb and typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the urghun ( organ ), shilyani ( probably a type of harp or lyre ) and the salandj ( probably a bagpipe ).

He relied somewhat on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian Empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable.

In the 10th century, a Persian explorer and geographer Ahmad ibn Rustah mentioned that the Khazars entrenched themselves against the attacks of the Hungarians.

* Kushyar ibn Labban, Persian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer

* 785 – 805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in the Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas ' udi and al-Muqaddasi.

** Hamdollah Mostowfi, Persian historian and geographer ( b. 1281 )

According to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, these panemone windmills were invented in eastern Persia as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the 9th century .< ref >

During the 6th century BCE, Greek geographer Scylax told of a city " between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus " ( i. e., the Carmel ) which may be a reference to Haifa during the Persian period.

Additional passages not preserved in MS 5229 are quoted in the work of the 16th century Persian geographer Amīn Rāzī called Haft Iqlīm (" Seven Climes ").

* Amin Razi, 16th-century Persian geographer

There is however evidence of the existence of bowed instruments in the 9th century also in Eastern Europe: the Persian geographer of the 9th century Ibn Khurradadhbih cited the bowed Byzantine lira ( or lūrā ) as typical bowed instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the Arab rabāb.

The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ) describing the lira ( lūrā ) as a typical instrument within the Byzantine Empire.

" This is confirmed by Sir W. Ouseley, who says, from Hamdallah, an eminent Persian geographer, that Mazanderan was originally named Mawz-anderan, or within the mountain Mawz.

At the time of Augustus, the Greek geographer Strabo considered cataphracts with horse armor to be typical of Armenian, Caucasian Albanian, and Persian armies, but, according to Plutarch, they were still held in rather low esteem in the Hellenistic world due to their poor tactical abilities against disciplined infantry as well as against more mobile, light cavalry.

In his lexicographical discussion of instruments, the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ) cited the lūrā ( bowed lyra ) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the urghun ( organ ), shilyani ( probably a type of harp or lyre ), and the salandj ( probably a bagpipe ).

The Persian geographer Nasir Khusraw visited al-Birwa in 1047 while it was under Fatimid rule.

The Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Muʿǧam al-buldan wrote that the name was a compound ( in Persian ) of khwar (), and razm (), referring to the abundance of cooked fish as a main diet of the peoples of this area.

The word " Algorism ", comes from the name Al-Khwārizmī ( c. 780-850 ), a Persian mathematician, astronomer, a geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, whose name means " the native of Kharazm ", a city that was part of the Greater Iran during his era and now is in modern day Uzbekistan He wrote a treatise in Arabic language in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum.

Ibn Rustah ( in Persian: احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی-Aḥmad ebn Roste Eṣfahānī, also spelled Ibn Rusta, Ibn Ruste ) was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia.

(), earlier transliterated as Algoritmi or Algaurizin, ( c. 780, Khwārizm – c. 850 ) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

() was a 16th century Persian geographer and author of an encyclopedia called Haft iqlīm (" seven climes ").

The 14th century Persian geographer al-Omari notes that the seat of the beylik, Kastamonu was one of the most prominent provinces in that region, as well as Sinop being one of the most important ports in the Black Sea, maintaining a crucial trade route between other ports, the Genoese who owned a warehouse at the port, and the inner provinces.

Persian poetry from Ibn Sina is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as Nozhat al-Majales.

In the 10th century, the Persian astronomer, Azophi, made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy, describing it as a " small cloud ".

The first recorded use of regimental ( the original name for the color now called Persian indigo ) as a color name in English was in 1912.

Purim ( Hebrew: Pûrîm " lots ") is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman, who sought to exterminate them, as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther.

The very first recorded mention of the Large Magellanic Cloud was by the Persian astronomer, ` Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( later known in Europe as " Azophi "), in his Book of Fixed Stars around 964 AD.

In a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006, Pope Benedict XVI quoted from a dialogue believed to have occurred in 1391 between Manuel II and a Persian scholar and recorded in a book by Manuel II ( Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian ) in which the Emperor stated: " Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.

* 964 — Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( Azophi ), a Persian astronomer, makes the first recorded observations of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud in his Book of Fixed Stars, and which are the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth,

* 964 — Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( Azophi ), a Persian astronomer, makes the first recorded observations of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud, the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth, in his Book of Fixed Stars

Masudi recorded the Persian view of events which affirms the identification and al-Tabari similarly placed the events during the time of Artaxerxes II despite being confused by the Hebrew name for the king.

The texts are being recorded from Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian and Arabic ; made available to patent offices in English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.

However, he remained in command of the fleet for the voyage from the Indus to the Persian Gulf, which he recorded in detail ( and which was used extensively for Arrian ’ s Indica ).

Purim ( Hebrew: Pûrîm " lots ", from the word pur, related to Akkadian pūru ) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman, a story recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther ( Megillat Esther ).

Another brief Persian account is recorded by Masudi in The Meadows of Gold ( completed 947 CE ).

It is a calque of Old Persian Verkâna as recorded in Darius the Great's Behistun Inscription, as well as in other Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions.

He also recorded a few songs in foreign languages such as English, Persian, Spanish and Dutch.

This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive ; based on the Turkish hıdiv which itself derived from the Persian khidiv ( prince ), a derivative of khoda " master, prince " from Old Persian khvadata-" lord ," from the compound khvat-data -, literally " created from oneself ," from khvat-( from the Proto-Indo-European root swe-tos " from oneself ," ablative of base s ( w ) e-) + data-" created.

During the Liang Dynasty, in 547 a Persian embassy paid tribute to the Liang, amber was recorded as originating from Persia by the Liang Shu ( Liang Book ).

A home tour in Dover followed, then came a two year posting to Berlin followed by tours in Bahrain and Sharjah in the Persian Gulf where the regiment again recorded a ' last unit ' distinction being the last unit to serve in Sharjah.