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Problem and Theory
The academic philosophers had arrived at the Theory of Matter and Form from consideration of certain natural paradoxes subsumed under the general heading of the Unity Problem.
It began in the 1948 paper, " On the Problem of the Molecular Theory of Superconductivity " where Fritz London proposed that the phenomenological London equations may be consequences of the coherence of a quantum state.
Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine ( 1956 ) and the General Problem Solver ( GPS ) ( 1957 ) programs.
The Problem of Political Obligation: A Critical Analysis of Liberal Theory.
Word Problems: Decision Problem in Group Theory.
" The Problem with Human Capital Theory -- A Marxian Critique ," American Economic Review, 65 ( 2 ), pp. 74 – 82,
Such ideas range from the psychological-cognitive, such as Osborn-Parnes Creative Problem Solving Process, Synectics, Science-based creative thinking, Purdue Creative Thinking Program, and Edward de Bono's lateral thinking ; to the highly structured, such as TRIZ ( the Theory of Inventive Problem-Solving ) and its variant Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving ( developed by the Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller ), and Computer-Aided Morphological analysis.
< cite > Management Dilemmas: The Theory of Constraints Approach to Problem Identification and Solutions </ cite >.
Things, Thoughts, Words, and Actions: The Problem of Language in Late Eighteenth-Century British Rhetorical Theory.
He contributed to the Information Processing Language ( 1956 ) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine ( 1956 ) and the General Problem Solver ( 1957 ) ( with Herbert A. Simon ).
* Remarks on the Fundamental Problem of the Subjective Theory of Value by Ludwig Von Mises
* TRIZ, which is also known as Theory of Inventive Problem Solving ( TIPS ), was developed by Genrich Altshuller and his colleagues based on examining more than 200, 000 patents.
Chisholm's other books include The Problem of the Criterion, Perceiving, " The First Person " and A Realist Theory of the Categories, though his numerous journal articles are probably better known than any of these.
With an introduction by J. P. Postgate, and supplementary essays by Bronisław Malinowski, ' The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages ', and F. G. Crookshank, ' The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study of Medicine '.
* 2001, Roberto Poli, " The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality ," Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems, vol.
* Samuel Bowles & Herbert Gintis, " The Problem with Human Capital Theory -- A Marxian Critique ", American Economic Review, vol.
* Maltz, Earl M., “ Radical Politics and Constitutional Theory: Senator Jacob M. Howard of Michigan and the Problem of Reconstruction ,” Michigan Historical Review, 32 ( Spring 2006 ), 19 – 32.
* Purcell, Edward A., Jr. ( 1973 ), The Crisis of Democr atic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value
* Tarantola A, 2004, Inverse Problem Theory ( free PDF version ), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ISBN 0-89871-572-5
His books include Logical Investigations of Predication Theory and the Problem of Universals ( 1986 ); Logical Studies in Early Analytic Philosophy ( 1987 ); Formal Ontology and Conceptual Realism, New York, Springer, ( 2007 ); and Modal Logic.
* MATRIZ, a body recognized as the custodian of the body of knowledge of Theory of Inventive Problem Solving ( TRIZ ).
They included “ The Flexure Problem in Elasticity ” ( Ph. D. thesis ) and his study on theTheory of Rotation and Gravity ” named Capildeo ’ s Theory, which had applications in early outer space expeditions in the 1960s and 1970s.

Problem and Reference
( 1985 ) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt.
His most significant publications before his two major books ( cited below ) include " Environment and Symptom Formation " ( 1946 ), “ Cultural Discontinuity and the Shadow of the Past ” ( 1948 ), “ The Principle of Limits with Special Reference to the Social Sciences ” ( 1950 ), “ Family Structure and Psychic Development ” ( 1951 ), “ Family Structure and the Transmission of Neurotic Behavior ” ( 1951 ), “ Child Rearing, Culture and the Natural World( 1952 ),Culture, Education and Communications Theory( 1954 ), “ American Culture and Mental Health ” ( 1956 ), “ Attitude Organization in Elementary School Classrooms ” ( 1957 ), “ The Problem of Spontaneity, Initiative and Creativity in Suburban Classrooms ” ( 1959 ), “ The Naturalistic Observations of Families of Psychotic Children ” ( 1961 ), “ Notes on the Alchemy of Mass Misrepresentation ” ( 1961 ), “ Values, Guilt, Suffering and Consequences ” ( 1963 ), “ American Schoolrooms: Learning the Nightmare ” ( 1963 ), “ On Regimentation ” ( 1964 ), “ My Life with the Families of Psychotic Children ” ( 1964 ), “ Sham ” ( 1966 ), “ Public Education and Public Anxiety ” ( 1967 ), and “ Attitude Organization in Elementary School Classrooms ” ( 1969 ).

Problem and Division
Suppes's § 8. 5 The Problem of Division by Zero begins this way: " That everything is not for the best in this best of all possible worlds, even in mathematics, is well illustrated by the vexing problem of defining the operation of division in the elementary theory of arithmetic " ( p. 163 ).
The IA West Future Problem Solving group placed third place in the Middle Division at the 2007 State Bowl.

Problem and Labor
( On the Labor Problem: Lassalle's Speech on the 16th of April at a Leipzig Workers ' Meeting, Together with the Letters of Professor Wuttke and Dr. Lothar Bucher ).
* The Solution of the Child Labor Problem.
" Prescription for Labor Pains: Combine Bargaining with Problem Solving.
* Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Frederick H. Harbison, and Charles A. Myers, Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problem of Labor and Management in Economic Growth.
He was the author of A Syllabus of Imperialism and World Politics, ( 1919 ); and The Labor Problem and the Social Catholic Movement in France, ( 1921 ).
The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 see chapters 7-8 for full description.
* Negro Labor: A National Problem ( 1946 )
* Sosis R ( 1997 ) The Collective Action Problem of Male Cooperative Labor on Ifaluk Atoll.

Problem and Social
Ronald Coase, one of the movement's principal proponents, submitted, in his article The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ), that the aim of tort should be to reflect as closely as possible liability where transaction costs should be minimized.
* The Problem of Social Cost
Collected Papers I: The Problem of Social Reality.
While he did not coin the specific term, Coase indeed discussed " costs of using the price mechanism " in his 1937 paper The Nature of the Firm, where he first discusses the concept of transaction costs, and refers to the " Costs of Market Transactions " in his seminal work, The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ).
During the very late 19th century his notable works included Problems of Poverty ( 1891 ), Evolution of Modern Capitalism ( 1894 ), Problem of the Unemployed ( 1896 ) and John Ruskin: Social Reformer ( 1898 ).
* The Social Problem ( 1901 ).
Alfred Schutz, The Problem of Social Reality ( 1973 )
In 2004, Prashant Bordia and Nicholas DiFonzo published their Problem Solving in Social Interactions on the Internet: Rumor As Social Cognition and found that rumor transmission is probably reflective of a " collective explanation process.
In 1961, Ronald Coase and Guido Calabresi independently from each other published two groundbreaking articles: " The Problem of Social Cost " and " Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts ".
* George Newman publishes Infant Mortality: a Social Problem in England.
Coase's main point, clarified in his article ' The Problem of Social Cost ', published in 1960 and cited when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1991, was that transaction costs, however, could not be neglected, and therefore, the initial allocation of property rights often mattered.
* Geoffrey Martin Hodgson, " The Historical School in the British Isles ", How Economics Forgot History: The Problem of Historical Specificity in the Social Sciences, Routledge ( 2001 ) ISBN 0-415-25716-6
His second major article, The Problem of Social Cost ( 1960 ), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would bargain with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes.
* al-Insan al-Mu ' asir wa-al-Mushkilah al-Ijtima ' yah ( The contemporary man and the Social Problem ).
In the field of economic sociology, Granovetter has been a leader since the publication in 1985 of an article that launched " new economic sociology ", " Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness ".
* Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem.
* " The Consumer Becomes a ' Problem '", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.
The contemporary period of economic sociology, also known as new economic sociology, was consolidated by the 1985 work of Mark Granovetter titled " Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness ".
Sunstein's books include After the Rights Revolution ( 1990 ), The Partial Constitution ( 1993 ), Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech ( 1993 ), Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict ( 1996 ), Free Markets and Social Justice ( 1997 ), One Case at a Time ( 1999 ), Risk and Reason ( 2002 ), Why Societies Need Dissent ( 2003 ), Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle ( 2005 ), Radicals in Robes: Why Extreme Right-Wing Courts Are Wrong for America ( 2005 ), Are Judges Political?
Another current project is the Club's Social Entrepreneurship series, interviews with American social entrepreneurs that form the basis of the book The Real Problem Solvers, by Ruth Shapiro, which is schedule to be released by Stanford University Press in Fall 2012.
Subjects taught by him in 2009 included Australian Political Culture, Politics in the Twentieth Century, and The Holocaust as a Problem for the Social Sciences.
* „ The Problem of Measurement and Explanation in the Social Sciences “, Letter Report to the Department of Defense, Computer Science Corp., December 15, 1978.

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