Software development systems for the PDP-8 series began with the most basic front panel entry of raw binary machine code ( booting entry ).

Some RISC processors such as the PowerPC have instruction sets as large as, say, the CISC IBM System / 370 ; and conversely, the DEC PDP-8 — clearly a CISC CPU because many of its instructions involve multiple memory accesses — has only 8 basic instructions, plus a few extended instructions.

A central processing unit ( CPU ), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input / output operations of the system.

The basic concept of a CPU is as follows:

The way a CPU represents numbers is a design choice that affects the most basic ways in which the device functions.

The description of the basic operation of a CPU offered in the previous section describes the simplest form that a CPU can take.

Unlike most Unix-like kernels, the Hurd uses a server – client architecture, built on a microkernel that is responsible for providing the most basic kernel services – coordinating access to the hardware: the CPU ( through process management and scheduling ), RAM ( via memory management ), and other various input / output devices ( via I / O scheduling ) for sound, graphics, mass storage, etc.

In addition to operating a basic system consisting of the CPU, disks and printers, BSD started adding additional file systems, a complete TCP / IP networking system, and a number of " virtual " devices that allowed the existing programs to work invisibly over the network.

A number of different versions of the basic CPU, known as the 6503 through 6507, were offered in 28-pin packages for lower cost.

* PDP-11 / 70 CPU core and SoC, OpenCores page describing a complete PDP-11 system: a 11 / 70 CPU with memory management unit, but without floating point unit, a basic set of UNIBUS peripherals ( DL11, LP11, PC11, RK11 / RK05 ), a cache and memory controllers for SRAM and PSRAM on FPGA

In contrast to the personal computer market, many different basic CPU architectures are used, since software is custom-developed for an application and is not a commodity product installed by the end user.

After the Z80 Zilog introduced the 16-bit Z8000 and 32-bit Z80000 processors, but these were not particularly successful, and the company refocused on the microcontroller market, producing both basic CPUs and application-specific integrated circuits / standard products ( ASICs / ASSPs ) built around a CPU core.

There was a CPU with the 68070 designation, which was a licensed and somewhat slower version of the 16 / 32-bit 68000 with a basic DMA controller, I²C host and an on-chip serial port.

Along with the basic CPU the system could also include a floating-point unit, or interestingly, a fixed-point decimal option with three 6-bit decimals per word.

According to Cisco, Layer 3 switches are basically routers that switch based on Layer 3 information, the basic difference being processing speed and / or the way they do the switching ; Layer 3 switches use ASICs / hardware instead of the CPU / software that a router would.

The argument is that a softmodem isn't a real modem at all, but rather a simple electrical interface between computer and phone line, limiting itself to very basic functions such as voltage / current adaptation and functioning essentially as a DAC / ADC, much like a sound card which handles pure PCM and analog signals from and to the telephone line, while the host's CPU does the actual job of synthesizing or analyzing all necessary waveforms ( carrier, dialing tones ) and applying all necessary DSP techniques ( FSK, QAM, PSK etc.

The Centris 610 and 650 were replaced about six months later by the Quadra 610 and 650 models, which kept the same basic case and design but raised the CPU speeds from 20 MHz and 25 MHz to 25 MHz and 33 MHz respectively ; while the Centris 660AV was renamed to Quadra 660AV without any actual design change.

Based on his participation in the basic circuit design, definition, and system design of the Motorola 6800 microprocessor and supporting computer chips, Mensch is a co-holder of several 6800 family patents, including the 6800 CPU, 6820 / 21 PIA, 6850 ACIA, and 6860 modem chip.

With the closing of the project, Intel used the basic RISC core of the CPU design as the basis for the i960 CPU.

The cornerstone of the CPU is the recognition that people between the ages of 12-18 pass through three basic " Developmental Periods " ( DPs ).

When performing basic 3D-rendering with only texture mapping and no other advanced features, ViRGE's pixel throughput was somewhat faster than the best software-optimized ( host-based CPU ) 3D-rendering of the era, and with better ( 16bpp ) color fidelity.

A basic PERQ 1 system comprised a CPU board, a memory board ( incorporating the framebuffer and monitor interface ) and an I / O board ( IOB, also called CIO ).

In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.

In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.

And the basic character of that liberalism has been spiritual rather than economic.

Within the individual the reaction has been called various names, all, however, pointing to the same basic experience.

The basic mapping phase of the program has been completed and the inventory phase is scheduled for completion July 1, 1961.

In addition to the basic programs in wavelength standards, spectroscopy, solid state physics, interactions of the free electron and atomic constants which are necessary to provide the foundation for technological progress, the Bureau has strengthened its activities in laboratory astrophysics.

With modern techniques of woodworking and the multitude of cutting tools, fixtures, and attachments available, the drill press has become a basic home workshop tool.

This concept has stimulated much basic research concerning the behavior of particulate biological materials, the pathogenesis of respiratory infections, the medical management of such diseases and defense against their occurrence.

It is evident that Swadesh has not only had much experience with basic vocabulary in many languages but has acquired great tact and feeling for the expectable behavior of lexical items.

Merchant has found that the same basic relationships which describe the geometry and force systems in the case of the cutting mechanism can also be applied to the discontinuous chip formation provided the proper values of instantaneous shear angle and instantaneous chip thickness or cross-sectional area are used.

Since interviewing is the basic therapeutic and diagnostic instrument of modern psychiatry, the recording of interviews for playbacks and study has been a boost of Redstone proportions in new research and training.

High motivation towards higher education must start early enough so that by the time the boy or girl reaches grade 9 he or she has at least developed those basic skills which are essential for academic work.

The general, remarkably courteous, explanation has left basic positions unchanged, but there has been no explosion in the council.

But except for a vague adherence to the basic storyline -- i.e., that Ruth remained with Naomi and finally wound up with Boaz -- the film version has little to do with the Bible.

Mr. Herman has managed to mix musical ideas drawn from Israel and the standard American ballad style in a manner that stresses the basic tunefulness of both idioms.

Furthermore, it is clear that even the basic meaning of the term " art " has changed several times over the centuries, and has continued to evolve during the 20th century as well.

The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters.

For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as and have the same basic shape, but has one dot below,, and has two dots above,.

Analytical chemistry has played critical roles in the understanding of basic science to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing, forensic science and so on.

The government has shown progress in its basic policy of diversifying the economy away from oil and gas.

Using a small Department of Defense International Military Education and Training ( IMET ) budget, the U. S. Embassy has established English-language courses at an LAT military base, and has brought LAT officers to attended officer basic training courses in the U. S. The government of Burkina Faso has also accepted additional U. S. training assistance in counter-terrorism tactics and humanitarian assistance.