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bone and fracture
After a fracture, woven bone forms initially and is gradually replaced by lamellar bone during a process known as " bony substitution.
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone, leading to an increased risk of fracture.
Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in women as a bone mineral density 2. 5 standard deviations below peak bone mass ( 20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average ) as measured by DEXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.
* A compound fracture occurs when the edges of a broken bone puncture the skin.
* Compound fracture, complete fractures of bone where at least one fragment has damaged the skin, soft tissue or surrounding body cavity
Osteoporosis (" porous bones ", from Greek: οστούν / ostoun meaning " bone " and πόρος / poros meaning " pore ") is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as a bone mineral density that is 2. 5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass ( average of young, healthy adults ) as measured by DXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.
Those with a family history of fracture or osteoporosis are at an increased risk ; the heritability of the fracture, as well as low bone mineral density, are relatively high, ranging from 25 to 80 %.
* Excess alcohol: Although small amounts of alcohol are probably beneficial ( bone density increases with increasing alcohol intake ), chronic heavy drinking ( alcohol intake greater than three units / day ) probably increases fracture risk despite any beneficial effects on bone density.
* Anticoagulants-long-term use of heparin is associated with a decrease in bone density, and warfarin ( and related coumarins ) have been linked with an increased risk in osteoporotic fracture in long-term use.
Common osteoporotic fracture sites, the wrist, the hip and the spine, have a relatively high trabecular bone to cortical bone ratio.
In hypogonadal men testosterone has been shown to improvement bone quantity and quality, but, there are no studies looking at its effect on fracture risk or in men with a normal testosterone level.
One of the most feared injuries for a running athlete, Hird was first struck with a stress fracture of his navicular bone early in the 1998 season.
It is also extremely effective for preventing bone loss and osteoporotic fracture.
This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the bone at the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.
Therefore fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm.
The general opinion is that his arm was injured in a wrestling match early in the week, and that a blow tonight caused the fracture of the bone.
* Bones: bone pain, fracture of affected bones

bone and shoulder
Names of llama body parts: 1 ears – 2 poll – 3 withers – 4 back – 5 hip – 6 croup – 7 base of tail – 8 tail – 9 buttock – 10 hock – 11 metatarsal gland – 12 heel – 13 cannon bone – 14 gaskin – 15 stifle joint – 16 flank – 17 barrel – 18 elbow – 19 pastern – 20 fetlock – 21 Knee – 22 Chest – 23 point of shoulder – 24 shoulder – 25 throat – 26 cheek or jowl – 27 muzzle
This restoration was very inaccurate, von Soemmerring mistaking the long metacarpals for the bones of the lower arm, the lower arm for the humerus, this upper arm for the breast bone and this sternum again for the shoulder blades.
A bone unique to pterosaurs, known as the pteroid, connected to the wrist and helped to support a forward membrane ( the propatagium ) between the wrist and shoulder.
CRPS has characteristics similar to those of other disorders, such as shoulder-hand syndrome, which sometimes occurs after a heart attack and is marked by pain and stiffness in the arm and shoulder ; Sudeck syndrome, which is prevalent in older people and women and is characterized by bone changes and muscular atrophy, but is not always associated with trauma ; and Steinbrocker syndrome, which includes symptoms such as gradual stiffness, discomfort, and weakness in the shoulder and hand.
The gods brought Pelops back to life, replacing the bone in his shoulder with a bit of ivory, thus marking the family forever afterwards.
It makes up part of the shoulder and the pectoral girdle and is palpable in all people, and, in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin.
It receives its name from the (" little key ") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted, and it is roughly the same shape as a key for a Roman door lock.
In human anatomy, the trapezius is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula ( shoulder blade ).
In anatomy, the scapula ( Medical Latin ), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus ( upper arm bone ) with the clavicle ( collar bone ).
During the ensuing Battle of Chalgrove Field, Hampden was mortally wounded in the shoulder ( some sources claim by two carbine balls, others by shrapnel from his own pistol exploding ) which shattered the bone and forced him to leave the field.
Plural: humeri ) is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
* Lamb shank is cut from the arm of shoulder, contains leg bone and part of round shoulder bone, and is covered by a thin layer of fat and fell ( a thin, paper-like covering ).
* Operculum ( small bone in the skull, linked to shoulder girdle by the opercularis muscle ; perhaps involved in hearing and balance ; absent in caecilians and some salamanders, fused to the stapes ( ear bones ) in most anurans )
When he overextended his swing while batting during a game on August 23, Musial fractured a bone in his left shoulder socket and tore muscles over his collarbone.
The shoulder kept popping out of place, more bone chips developed, and there was constant pain in the arm and shoulder.
The shoulder joint is composed of three bones: the clavicle ( collarbone ), the scapula ( shoulder blade ), and the humerus ( upper arm bone ) ( see diagram ).

bone and involves
e. g. Reduction of a broken nose involves the physical manipulation of the bone and / or cartilage from their displaced state back to their original position to restore normal airflow and aesthetics.
Lithic reduction involves the use of a hard hammer precursor, such as a hammerstone, a soft hammer fabricator ( made of wood, bone or antler ), or a wood or antler punch to detach lithic flakes from a lump of tool stone called a lithic core ( also known as the " objective piece ").
Soft-hammer percussion involves the use of a billet, usually made of wood, bone or antler as the percussor.
* Systemic mastocytosis involves the bone marrow in some cases and in some cases other internal organs, usually in addition to involving the skin.
Treating immune-mediated aplastic anemia involves suppression of the immune system, an effect achieved by daily medicine intake, or, in more severe cases, a bone marrow transplant, a potential cure.
A disease that involves caries is mastoiditis, an inflammation of the mastoid process, in which the bone gets eroded.
Myeloma bone pain usually involves the spine and ribs, and worsens with activity.
The disease characteristically involves the jaw or other facial bone, distal ileum, cecum, ovaries, kidney or the breast.
OCD involves the subchondral bone.
The playing technique involves striking the large end of the jaw with the palm, or a beater is used to strike the teeth or bone and pulled along the teeth which act as a rasp.
A great deal of current research on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation involves attempts to separate the undesirable graft-vs-host-disease aspects of T-cell physiology from the desirable graft-versus-tumor effect.
Orbitial decompression involves removing some bone from the eye socket to open up one or more sinuses and so make space for the swollen tissue and allowing the eye to move back into normal position.
Laminectomy performed as a minimal spinal surgery procedure, however, allows the bellies of muscles to be pushed aside instead of transected, and generally involves less bone removal than the open procedure.
The secondary nerve association involves an efferent and afferent pathway that measure the stress and strain placed on the muscle ( usually the extrafusal fibers connected from the muscle portion to a bone ).
The procedure usually involves a judicious excision / realignment of a portion of the bone and / or cartilage in the nasal cavity.
A particular process, known as a sliding genioplasty, involves mobilizing a horseshoe-shaped piece of the bottom part of the chin bone by osteotomy and sliding it either backwards or forwards, finally fixing it in place with a titanium step plate using titanium screws.
Histomorphometry of bone involves obtaining a bone biopsy specimen and processing of bone specimens in the laboratory, obtaining estimates of the proportional volumes and surfaces occupied by different components of bone.
There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue ( mesenchyme ), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor.
The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way.
Confirmation of the diagnosis is key and involves appropriate diagnostic studies including: radiographs, bone scans, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, compartmental pressure measurements, and arteriograms.

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