Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls ( volumen in Latin ) or books ( codex, plural codices ).

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

The manuscripts were found bound into a Latin codex ( manuscript book ).

The following love poem, of unknown authorship, is found in a Latin codex of the 12th century from the Tegernsee monastery.

* Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, an important codex of the New Testament dating from the fifth century, written both in Greek and Latin.

Also known as Codex purpureus Rossanensis due to the reddish ( purpureus in Latin ) appearance of its pages, the codex is one of the oldest surviving illuminated manuscripts of the New Testament.

The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a 7th-century Latin manuscript bound in an eighth or 7th century codex that came from the library of Columban's monastery at Bobbio ; it contains internal cues which suggest that it is a translation from a Greek original written about 170 or as late as the 4th century.

The Glosas Emilianenses are glosses added to this Latin codex that are now considered the first phrases written in the Castilian language.

Written one column per page, the codex contains 406 extant parchment leaves ( from perhaps an original 534 ) measuring 26 x 21. 5 cm, with the Greek text on the left face and the Latin text on the right.

Latin manuscripts of De Materia Medica were combined with a Latin herbal by Apuleius Platonicus ( Herbarium Apuleii Platonici ) and were incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon codex Cotton Vitellius C. III.

The songs are compiled in what the students refer to as the codex, which contains the club anthems of most student organisations and hundreds of songs in various languages, such as Dutch, French, English, German, Latin and Afrikaans.

A 10th century codex, Codex Vossianus Latinus Q 69 found by Gino Zaninotto in the Vatican Library contains an 8th-century account saying that an imprint of Christ's whole body was left on a canvas kept in a church in Edessa: it quotes a man called Smera in Constantinople: " King Abgar received a cloth on which one can see not only a face but the whole body " ( in Latin: tantum faciei figuram sed totius corporis figuram cernere poteris ).

The Glosas Emilianenses are gloss es added to this Latin codex that are considered the oldest surviving phrases written in the Castilian language.

Paul Sabatier edited the Latin text of the codex.

The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in M, another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century.

The alternative to paged codex format for a long document is the continuous scroll.

The spread of the codex is often associated with the rise of Christianity, which adopted the format for the Bible early on.

The codex holds considerable practical advantages over other book formats, such as compactness, sturdiness, ease of reference ( a codex is random access, as opposed to a scroll, which is sequential access ), and especially economy of materials ; unlike the scroll, both recto and verso could be used for writing.

The pages of parchment notebooks were commonly washed or scraped for re-use, called a palimpsest ; and consequently writings in a codex were considered informal and impermanent.

The Komondor was brought to Europe by the Cumans and it was mentioned for the first time in 1544 in a Hungarian codex.

It is thus named for being both the one written authority ( codex ) secondary ( only ) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books to complement the Bible in certain aspects.

In the codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which as described verbatim in the codex ( written by Sahagún's Tlatelolcan informants who were probably not eyewitnesses of the meeting ) included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as, " You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you ," and, " You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs ; may our lords come on earth.

Its most common use was as a material for writing on, for documents, notes, or the pages of a book, codex or manuscript.

It is estimated that about 360 animals were slaughtered for making the folios of this codex, assuming all animals yielded a good enough skin.

2 Timothy 4: 10 – it reads Γαλλιαν for Γαλατιαν, the reading of the codex is supported by along with Ephraemi Rescriptus, 81, 104, 326, 436.

The codex was produced in Zürich, for the Manesse family.

The codex is frequently referred to by Minnesang scholars and in editions simply by the abbreviation C, introduced by Karl Lachmann, who used A and B for the two main earlier Minnesang codices ( the Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift and the Weingartner Liederhandschrift respectively ).

The two main sources for the chronicle's text as it is known presently are the Laurentian codex and the Hypatian codex.

The Laurentian codex was compiled in what are today Russian lands by the Nizhegorod monk Laurentius for the Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich in 1377.

The original text he used was a lost codex compiled for the Grand Duke Mikhail of Tver in 1305.

The language of this work is the East Slavic version of Church Slavonic language with many additional irregular east-slavisms ( like other east-Slavic codices of the time ). Whereas the Laurention ( Muscovite ) text traces the Kievan legacy through to the Muscovite princes, the Hypation text traces the Kievan legacy through the rulers of the Halych principality. The Hypatian codex was re-discovered in Kiev in the 1620s and copy was made for Prince Kostiantyn Ostrozhsky.

Aside from the Littera Florentina, a 6th-century codex of the Pandects that was preserved at Pisa, apparently without ever being publicly consulted, ( and removed to Florence after Florence conquered Pisa in 1406 ), there may have been other manuscript sources for the text that began to be taught at Bologna, by Pepo and then by Irnerius.

Maya codices ( singular codex ) are folding books stemming from the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, written in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark cloth, made from the inner bark of certain trees, the main being the wild fig tree or amate ( Ficus glabrata ).

Also the etymology of the word codex ( block of wood ) suggest that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets.

However, in early Tiberian manuscripts such as the Aleppo codex and the Leningrad codex, Chronicles is placed as the first book in Ketuvim, preceding Psalms.

The codex also made it easier to organize documents in a library because it had a stable spine on which the title of the book could be written.

Some commercial bookbinders may refer to the cover and the inside of the book instead, but a few others, attached to their traditions, still use the terms " codex " and " case ".

Although P52 has no more than 114 legible letters, it must come from a substantial codex book ; as it is written on both sides in a generously scaled script, with on one side and on the other.

Manuscripts may be in book form, scrolls or in codex format.

Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the codex format ( as in a modern book ), which had replaced the scroll by Late Antiquity.

According to the prefatory letters, the work was composed at the urging of his friend Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa, to whom Isidore, at the end of his life, sent his codex inemendatus (" unedited book "), which seems to have begun circulating before Braulio was able to revise it, and issue it, with a dedication to the late Visigothic King Sisebut.

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a palimpsest ( ancient overwritten manuscript ) on parchment in the form of a codex ( hand-written bound book, as opposed to a scroll ).

The so-called " Codex XIII " is in fact not a codex, but rather the text of Trimorphic Protennoia, written on " eight leaves removed from a thirteenth book in late antiquity and tucked inside the front cover of the sixth.

In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a legal code, i. e. a codex ( book ) of law.

During this time we see the first physical book, the parchment codex.

The recto and verso are respectively the " front " and " back " sides of a leaf of paper in a bound item such as a codex, book, broadsheet, or pamphlet.

" The Aleppo codex website reveals how the book exchanged hands.

This artefact was an old codex, a book made from paper-bark in the form of a folded screen of continuous pages, several metres in length when extended.

The Exeter Book, Exeter Cathedral Library MS 3501, also known as the Codex Exoniensis, is a tenth-century book or codex which is an anthology of Anglo-Saxon poetry.

It is likely that the codex was passed down from priest to priest and that each priest that received the book added a section in their own hand.

Many of the new religions relied on the emergence of the parchment codex ( bound book ) over the papyrus volumen ( scroll ), the former allowing for quicker access to key materials and easier portability than the fragile scroll, thus fueling the rise of synoptic exegesis, papyrology.